be a set d differentioble fenetlans. Define Phe cxC by fSa A and XER on orly 'x) for all ve an equivalence iclation

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A: Note: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want…

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A: option (d) is correct.

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Q: Functional theory and functional analysis

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A: Given the function f(z)=z-a1-a¯z with |a|&gt;1.To prove that if |z|&gt;1, then |f(z)|&lt;1

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Q: We define the included point topology by Tp-{UCR;U=Ø or peU). Let A = [3,5[, then A is dense in R if…

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Q: We define the included point topology by Tp={UCR;U=Ø or pEU}. Let A = [3,5[, then A is dense in R if…

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A: The set T is defined as, T=a, b | a, b∈ℝ\ 0 The operation * is defined on T as follows, a, b*c,…

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A: False

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Q: Assume that a1, a2, ..., an E R (with n > 2) such that a1+a2++an = 1. Prove that af+az++a > 1 (Use…

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.