Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For example, TGF-β induces plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in epithelial cells and specific immunoglobulins in B cells. In both cell types, Smad3 is activated. Given the conservation of the signaling pathway, what accounts for the diversity of the response to TGF-β in various cell types?
Q: Enzyme / Protein Function or Role in DNA Replication
A:
Q: Identify the features of tRNA that are important in decoding genetic information and converting it i...
A: Codons encode specific amino acids for protein synthesis, a process known as translation. Transfer R...
Q: GIVEN: DNA CODING STRAND: GCG TAC TTT TCA GGT DNA TEMPLATE STRAND ____ ____ ____ ____
A:
Q: Put the numbers of the cell pictures in the correct order to show the sequence of stages in meiosis....
A: 1. Anaphase 1 2. Anaphase 2 3. Prophase 1 4. metaphase 1
Q: Describe the path of a carbon atom through the carbon cycle. Be sure to include the roles of photosy...
A: NOTE: Since you have posted multiple questions, so we will be solving the first three parts for you....
Q: 1) Biology is the study of living organisms. Which branch of Science does it belong to? O Formal Sci...
A: The term biology is associated with studying living creatures. It can be divided into several specia...
Q: 1. Is it possible to change either blood buffer capacity or muscle buffer capacity? 2. How does...
A: Buffer capacity: it is a capacity to resist the any change in pH when small amount of acid or base i...
Q: Explain gastrulation in fish
A: Gastrulation in Fish: - Gastrulation is defined as a process in which gastrula is formed from a blas...
Q: In Figure 8-20, three very different situations are shownthat all result in gene silencing. What do ...
A: A transgene is a gene that is transferred from one creature to another spontaneously or using any ge...
Q: So in Florida and New York biomes/environment what do they have? Alaska biome is it tundra or alpine...
A: Introduction : Biome is a community of plant animals that have common features for the environmen...
Q: Describe the changes in ACTH and cortisol concentrations during diurnal rhythm in humans.
A: Diurnal rhythm :- This rhythmic behaviour controls the day night rhythm of the body, it displays ent...
Q: Chlamydia O symptoms of infection appear within 1-2 days after exposure. O is best prevented with ho...
A: Chlamydia is a sexually inherited disease that is caused by the parasitic virus called chlamydia tra...
Q: Part A: Give an example of when you would want to use a broad-spectrum antibiotic and when you would...
A: INTRODUCTION Antibiotics These are medicines that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Q: The frizzle fowl is much admired by poultry fanciers. Itgets its name from the unusual way that its ...
A: Dominant allele is one that always expresses its phenotype. Recessive allele is one that is expresse...
Q: What is a plausible hypothesis that describes a possible mechanism to explain the differences betwee...
A: Introduction: Only certain species of mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus and only females of those sp...
Q: Describe the adaptations of terrestrial animals that allow them to be successful on land
A: *Animals can be found every in the earth.They can live on land with diverge conditions. *They can be...
Q: A DNA fragment of interest is inserted in the BamHI site of plasmid pBR322.The recombinants will be:...
A: Genetic Recombination: Recombination is a process of alteration of the existing genetic properties o...
Q: 17. Which of the following situations below show an example of colored-to tubes interfering with the...
A: The following situations show an example of colored-top are tubes interfering with the assay are: E...
Q: Are axons more likely to regrow in the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system? Why?
A: CNS stands for Central nervous system. Here, the axons do not have the ability to spontaneously rege...
Q: How could coacervates have facilitated the emergence of life on earth?
A: Introduction In this question we will discuss about how coacervates have facilitated the emergence o...
Q: Fluids Motor Mechanism/Processes (Heterotrophic Mode of Mechanisms /Circulation Mechanisms Nutrition...
A: The number of plant species to be described has not been specified.
Q: Compared to gradient echo sequences, why can we use longer time echoes for spin echo sequences?
A: A spin echo (SE) is created by combining two radiofrequency (RF) pulses. On the other hand, the crea...
Q: From the clinical evidence on brain injury, it appears that storage bins for long-term memories are ...
A: Long term memory It is refers to the storage of information over an extended period. This type of me...
Q: Escribe el nombre de cada parte de la circulación sanguínea en el número 10 12 1. 2. 14 3. 13 5. 6. ...
A: cardiovascular system is made up of heart and blood vessels. this is a crucial part of your body. ca...
Q: Font Styles White-eyed fly x Red-eyed fly Number of Offspring Phenotype of Offspring red eyes (norma...
A: As per our company guideline we are supposed to answer only first question or first 3 sub parts of t...
Q: If there is 50 bacterial colonies on a 1:1000 dilution streak plate. How many cfu/mL are there?
A: Introduction: A CFU stands for colony-forming units. It is a unit that we use for estimating the num...
Q: Which of the following is an example of a healthy microbiota that helps prevent infection from poten...
A: 1. Cytophaga can cause erosion of the yolk skin, spinal deformities, central nervous system signs or...
Q: GRAM STAINING REACTION SUMMARY OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA GRAM (+) COCI GRAM ...
A: List of medically important bacteria with reference.
Q: The anticodon loop of one of the t RNA Gly molecules from Escherichia coli is as follows: C--G G--C ...
A: tRNA is a specialised RNA molecule that transports the amino acids during translation. A tRNA is spe...
Q: 14. Juan is comparing organisms A, B, and C. Ā and B have many of the same characteristics. But they...
A: Taxonomy is the study of organism categorization, it is the grouping (division) of all known species...
Q: What valuable information can an archaeologist gain from understanding the connections between long-...
A: Archeology gives us the chance to find about past culture through the investigation of artifacts, an...
Q: A researcher was mutating prokaryotic cells by insertingsegments of DNA. In this way, she made the f...
A: A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA of a cell such that the sequence deviates from what is m...
Q: True or false? Inbreeding can increase the frequency ofa harmful allele in a population’s gene pool
A: Inbreeding is a process in which two closely related organisms which are related through common ance...
Q: Which of the following statement about CBOD and NBOD is wrong? O CBOD is carbonaceous biological oxy...
A: CBOD refers to the cabonaceous biological oxygen demand, which means that the demand of oxygen in 1 ...
Q: what does it mean if our Pcr product was 6.1 nanograms per micrometers and our pcr script was 4.9 na...
A: PCR amplification is done to clone the desired molecule of DNA or in other words to obtain a large n...
Q: Using the concepts of variability, environmental pressure and natural selection, how does the synthe...
A: Introduction In this question discuss how the synthetic theory of evolution explain Darwinian natura...
Q: Which of the following is a difference between transient and resident microbiota? Transient micro...
A: Microbiota helps to protect the intestine against colonization by pathogens. Microbiota are the micr...
Q: wrist and ankle are type of Ribs Cylindrical bones O Long hollow bones Irregular bones O O O O
A: Wrist and ankle bones are the bones present in the wrist and the ankle joints . The bones present...
Q: In the nematode C. elegans, some worms have blisteredcuticles due to a recessive mutation in one of ...
A: Suppressor mutations are defined as the mutations that take place only if there is the presence of a...
Q: Describe microevolution.
A:
Q: Explain why a harmful allele can persist at high frequency ina population.
A: An ALLELE of a gene having impacts on the PHENOTYPE are expected to result in a decrease in FITNESS ...
Q: What do you think about savior baby therapy? Should saviour babies allowed?
A: INTRODUCTION Saviour baby therapy In this technique we use a form of in vitro fertilization to make ...
Q: What goes wrong with the cardiovascular sytem in hear failure ?
A: Heart Failure: - It is defined as a condition in which the pumping action of heart is unable to meet...
Q: Use examples to explain sexual selection and its outcomes.
A: Sexual selection is a type of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose mates ...
Q: Name three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Na...
A: Cytokineseceptors are well-known stated that they are been glycoproteins on the cell surface that bi...
Q: Put the following tasks in the order they would occur during a DNA cloning experiment. a. using DNA ...
A: Restriction enzymes are restriction endonuclease that recognizes particular restriction sites on the...
Q: Illustrate and describe the following life cycle: (Please include references) a. Ascaris lumbricoid...
A: Introduction Ascaris lumbricoides:- Ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal roundworm that causes rest...
Q: About the role of Ran-GAP and Ran-GEF for the unidirectional transportation of the cargo proteins mo...
A: Ran is a nuclear protein that is related to RAS and is also known as a GTP-binding nuclear protein. ...
Q: 5. Define reduction 6. What is the role of NAD*/NADH in cellular respiration?
A: The chemical reactions which involve the transfer of electrons from one chemical substance to anothe...
Q: condon chart transcribe then translate Gene 1 Lactase Enzyme variation 1: lactose Intolerant dna:...
A: The transcription is the process that involves production of RNA from the DNA template while transla...
Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For example, TGF-β induces plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in epithelial cells and specific immunoglobulins in B cells. In both cell types, Smad3 is activated. Given the conservation of the signaling pathway, what accounts for the diversity of the response to TGF-β in various cell types?
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- TLRs activate NFkB, AP-1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. A key feature of TLR signaling is the ability to induce inflammatory cytokine gene expression extremely rapidly following TLR stimulation. This is accomplished by signaling pathways using several mechanisms to activate transcription factors that are already present in the cell prior to TLR stimulation, but are kept in an inactive state. These signaling pathways use all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: Induced ubiquitination leading to protein degradation Induced ubiquitination inducing protein–protein interactions Induced phosphorylation leading to nuclear translocation Induced phosphorylation leading to kinase activation Induced phosphorylation preventing protein degradationPut the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleusOnce an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the pathway must be inactivated. Otherwise, pathological consequences may result, as exemplified by persistent growth factor initiated signaling in many cancers. Many signaling pathways possess intrinsic negative feedback by which a downstream event in a pathway turns off an upstream event. Describe the negative feedback that down-regulates signals induced by (a) erythropoietin and (b) TGF-β.
- Viagra works on which intra-cellular signaling pathway? a)PLC, DAG, PKC b)RTK, RAS, MAPK c)GPCR, PKB, calmodulin d)Acetylcholine, Nitric Oxide, cGMP e)GPCR, cAMP, PKAThe small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response. Recent studies using mouse models of pulmonary inflammation (a model for human asthma) have found that mice deficient in the C3a receptor have greatly reduced disease symptoms when challenged with inhaled preparations containing extracts of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Specifically, the C3a receptor-deficient mice showed reduced influx of granulocytes and lymphocytes into the lung and reduced fluid in the lung after challenge. What is the explanation for these findings?Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes down-regulate immune responses by recruiting protein or lipid phosphatases.BCR signaling on B cells is initiated by antigen binding, leading to mTOR activation. This occurs, for instance, when the antigen is a live microbe that binds to the BCR on the B cells. Which one of the forms of antigen shown below the graph would correctly account for the data shown in the figure?
- EGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF receptors. Which of these observations, if true, would BEST explain EGF’s mechanism of action? A. EGF is hydrophilic and can easily diffuse through the cell membrane B. EGF is hydrophobic and can easily diffuse through the cell membrane C. EGF is hydrophilic and cannot diffuse through the cell membrane D. EGF is hydrophobic and cannot diffuse through the cell membraneWhich of the following does not involve a dimerization event? Explain why you chose, or did not choose, each answer. a) Transport of R-SMAD from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. b) Ligand binding to the EGF receptor c) CREB binding to the cAMP response element (CRE) d) Ligand binding to the TGF βreceptorWhen T cells are activated by recognizing peptide:MHC complexes on dendritic cells in the lymph node, they up-regulate the receptor CD69. For T cells expressing a given T-cell receptor, the initial strength of the T-cell receptor signal can be modulated by varying the number of peptide:MHC complexes on the dendritic cells, or by varying the affinity with which the T cell-receptor binds to the peptide:MHC complexes. As a result, T cells stimulated with stronger T-cell receptor signals will maintain high expression of CD69 for one or two days longer that if those same T cells were stimulated with weaker T-cell receptor signals. Therefore, T cells stimulated with weaker T-cell receptor signals are likely to: Die by apoptosis Undergo more rounds of proliferation that T cells stimulated with stronger T-cell receptor signals Migrate to the B-cell zones of the lymph node Have reduced effector functions, such as cytokine production Egress from the lymph node 1–2 days earlier than T cells…
- a major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood. suppose you have available purified LPS and several strain of mice, each with a mutation that inactivates a particular TLR gene. How might you use these mice to test the feasibility of treating septic shock with a drug that blocks TLR signaling?T-cell receptors concentrate diversity in the third hypervariable region. For alpha:beta T-cell receptors, sequence diversity is heavily concentrated at the junctions formed by the rearrangement of gene segments during the generation of the expressed Va and Vb regions. The result of this organization is to position the most variable part of the T-cell receptor over a certain region of the ligand recognized by this receptor. Which region (outlined in red in figure below) indicates this part of the ligand recognized by the T-cell receptor?List three ways in which a signal is amplified in a Gprotein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.