Cellular Respiration = Theoretical Energy Glucose contains 686 to 720 kcal/mol • ATP contains 7.3 kcal/mol 36 ATP harvested from each molecule of glucose 2 from glycolysis – substrate level phosphorylation 2 from Kreb's cycle – converted from GTP (not done by all cells) 32 from the ETC & NADH/FADH2 note: NADH in the cytosol is only worth 2ATP; NADH in the mitochondria are worth 3 ATP 36 moles of ATP × 7.3 kcal/mol = 263 kcal trapped as ATP efficiency : 263/686 = 36 to 38% efficiency in converting the potential energy of glucose into chemical energy
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List ALL of the substrate-level phosphorylation steps in
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reactant. poroduct . enzyme
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- If the cell receives 4 glucose molecules and oxidizes them through aerobic cellular respiration: 5 How many CO2 will be released? How many ATP will be produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? How many NADH will be reduced? How many FADH2 will be reduced? How many ATP will be produced by oxidative phosphorylation?Assume a cell undergoes the Aerobic Respiration option of catabolism. Calculate the number of ATP molecules that it could theoretically generate if it starts with each of thefollowing molecules. 1. a) A 10-unit polysaccharide (i.e., contains 10 glucose molecules) b) Two molecules of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate c) Four molecules of succinic acidFor Electron Transport Chain (ETC), what are steps of cellular respiration for both aerobic (oxygen present) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration. what are the Inputs and Outputs: Clearly indicate the key substrates, intermediates, and products at each stage. Location: Show where this stage of cellular respiration occurs within the cell (e.g., cytoplasm, mitochondria). Energy Production: Highlight the ATP and NADH production at this stage. Oxygen: Show where oxygen is used in the process (e.g., ETC) and where carbon dioxide is produced. Electron Carriers: Indicate the role of electron carriers such as NAD+ and FAD in transferring eleDiagrams: Use diagrams or icons to represent the structures and molecules involved, such as the mitochondria, glucose, ATP, and oxygen. Key Information like important facts or formulas relevant to cellular respiration, like the chemical equations for each stage.
- Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen is an essential molecule to efficiently divert the glucose into an energy-rich molecules needed to sustain activities of the cell. Hence, carbon dioxide and water are the end-products of cellular respiration. The overall process can be refined into three main metabolic stages namely (1) glycolysis, (2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and (3) oxidative phosphorylation. In plant cells, the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized compartment called mitochondrion. In this laboratory activity, you will use the germinated mung beans (Vigna radiata) to demonstrate what happens to the stored sugar in the seed upon its utilization during cellular respiration. At the end of the experiment, you are expected to identify what are the different factors that affect cellular respiration.In 2012, an Illinois man was killed by cyanide poisoning after he won a million dollars in the lottery. Cyanide is a lethal poison because it interferes with the electron transport chain in mitochondria. What effect would cyanide have on cellular respiration? (a) Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation would all be inhibited. (b) The Krebs cycle would be inhibited, but oxidative phosphorylation would not. (c) Oxidative phosphorylation would be inhibited. (d) Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation would all be stimulated.Which of the following statements is false concerning the ‘tight binding site’ of ATP Synthase within the natural environment of the mitochondria? Group of answer choices ATP is released from the tight binding site This is a binding site found within an αβ subunits of the F1 portion of ATP Synthase The tight binding forces the reaction of ADP + Pi → ATP The tight binding site has the lowest KM for ATP
- An animal cell, roughly cubical in shape with side length of 10 μm, uses 109 ATP molecules every minute. assume that the cell replaces this ATP by the oxidation of glucose according to the overall reaction 6O2 + C6H12O6 →6CO2 + 6H2O and that complete oxidation of each glucose molecule produces 30 ATP molecules. how much oxygen does the cell consume every minute? How long will it take before the cell has used up an amount of oxygen gas equal to its own volume?Assume a cell undergoes the Aerobic Respiration option of catabolism. Calculatethe number of ATP molecules that it could theoretically generate if it starts with each of thefollowing molecules. 4. a) A dipeptide containing a 4-carbon amino acid and a 5-carbon amino acid b)A 20-unit polypeptide (each unit = a 2-carbon amino acid) c)one glycerol moleculeSelect the correct statements about cellular respiration (select all that apply) 1) Chemical energy in glucose is transformed to the form of ATP 2)The over all equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP 3)Cellular respiration takes place in the ribosomes 4) The phases include glycolysis, the kraft cycle, and the electron transport 5) The overall equation for cellular respiration is glucose + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water + ADP 6) The phases include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain 7) The breakdown of ATP drives the synthesis of glucose
- Place the steps controling phosphofructokinase activity during glycolysis after ATP depletion. as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. AMP binds to phosphofructokinase at an allosteric site. AMP levels rise. Phosphofructokinase changes from inactive to active 3D conformation. ATP levels in the cell rise. The rate-determining step of glycolysis proceeds at a lower activation energy. High level of metabolites from the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosophorylation cause feedback inhibition.1. In which reactions of cellular respiration does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Choose ALL the correct choices. a. Glycolysis b. Pyruvate Oxidation c. Citric Acid Cycle d. Electron Transport Chain 2. Fill in the blanks with the choices below. During the citric acid cycle, NAD+ is (Oxidized, reduced) to NADH. During Cellular Respiration, glucose is (oxidized, reduced) to carbon dioxide. During Cellular Respiration, oxygen is reduced to (Water, Carbon Dioxide, Glucose) At the electron transport chain (NADH, NAD+, Water, Oxygen) is oxidized to (NADH, NAD+, Oxygen, Water).Photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration both rely on electron transport chains to generate ATP. Which of the following does not correctly identify similarities and differences in the ETCs of these processes? a) Electrons delivered to the ETC are used to generate a proton gradient across the membrane b) In photosynthesis, the facilitated diffusion of protons across the membrane generates ATP and glucose molecules; in cellular respiration, this process generates ATP c) In photosynthesis, electrons are delivered to the ETC by NADPH; in cellular respiration, electrons are delivered to the ETC by NADH and FADH2 d) In prokaryotes, active transport moves protons across the cell’s plasma membrane during photosynthesis and cellular respiration