body, with deep red red tail feathers. An international co breeding these birds in an attempt to improve the popul 100 parrots total, three of which have yellow tail feather characteristic red tail feathers (exhibited by the rest of th What is the wild tyne tail color? What ic the mutnu
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- In a population of millipedes, the gene “R” determines their color. The color red is determined by the dominant “R” allele and the color orange is determined by the recessive “r” allele. A population of 100 millipedes consists of the following genotypes: 30 RR 44 Rr 26 rr Answer the following - You can represent the ratio/frequency as a fraction or a %. A. What is the genotypic ratio of this population of millipedes? B. What is the phenotypic ratio of this population of millipedes? C. What are the allele frequencies for “R” and “r” in this population of millipedes?In the United States, the rare red wolf (Canis lupus) has been known to hybridize with coyotes (Canis latrans), which are much more numerous. Although red wolves and coyotes differ in terms of morphology, DNA, and behavior, genetic evidence suggests that living red wolf individuals are actually hybrids. Red wolves are designated as an endangered species and hence receive legal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Some people think that their endangered status should be withdrawn because the remaining red wolves are hybrids, not members of a "pure" species. Do you agree? Why or why not?Grouse in Russia show a recessive mutation “short-tail” that causes problems in the control of direction when flying. In 2002 a survey of a large, freely interbreeding, population of 1,856 grouse revealed 142 with short tail feathers. What proportion of the grouse population would you expect to be heterozygous at the short-tail locus ?
- What is the chi-square value of the pumpkin population? round up and use four decimal points After doing some crosses and genotyping some individuals, you determined that the number of individuals homozygous dominant for the largest pumpkin allele is 98, 80 are heterozygous for medium size, and 20 are homozygous recessive for small size.Distinct species that are able to interbreed in nature are said to “hybridize,” and their offspring are called “hybrids.” The gray oak and the Gambel oak can mate to produce fertile hybrids in regions where they co-occur. However, the gene flow in nature is sufficiently limited that, overall, the two species remain phenotypically distinct. If the hybrid offspring survive well and reproduce to the extent that there is a large population of hybrid individuals that breed between themselves but do not interbreed with either of the two original parent species (the gray and the Gambel), which of the following would you say most likely led to the new hybrid species?(a) prezygotic reproductive barriers (b) sympatric speciation (c) allopatric speciation (d) postzygotic reproductive barriers (e) none of the aboveAn hypothesis for the extinction of the dinosaurs is that the earth had been hit by a gigantic meteor that caused the death of those big reptiles. In that case the entire genetic pool of those animals has been destroyed, invalidating the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In Genetics what is this type of gene frequency change called?
- The red wolf (Canis rufus) was once widespread in the southeastern United States but was declared to be extinct in the wild. Biologists bred captive red wolf individuals and reintroduced them into areas of eastern North Carolina, where they are federally protected as endangered species. The current wild population is estimated to be about 100 individuals. However, a new threat to red wolves has arisen: hybridization with coyotes (Canis latrans), which have become more numerous in the areas inhabited by red wolves. Although red wolves and coyotes differ in morphology and DNA, they are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Social behavior is the main reproductive barrier between the species and is more easily overcome when same-species mates are rare. For this reason, some people think that the endangered status of the red wolf should be withdrawn and resources should not be spent to protect what is not a “pure” species. Do you agree? Why or why not?In a certain population of mice, a single gene controls fur color. There are two possible alleles: B, which leads to a black fur, and W, which leads to white fur. Individuals with the genotype BB will have a black fur, individuals with the genotype WW will have white fur, and individuals with the genotype BW will have gray fur. Scientists recorded the fur color of 1,000 mice from the population. They found that 200 mice have black fur, 400 have gray fur, and 400 have white fur. Ten years later, the measurements are repeated. Again, they recorded the fur color of 1,000 mice. They found that 400 have black fur, 400 have gray fur, and 200 have white fur. Part A: Show the Hardy-Weinberg calculations for the beginning and ending populations. Include the values for the equation as well as the p and q values. Show your work. Part B: Use the Hardy-Weinberg calculation to explain if this population is evolving or not. Then propose a hypothesis about the environment of these mice that would lead…This type of experiment, where members of an outbred populations are introduced to an inbred population as mating partners, is sometimes called a “genetic rescue”. How might measuring the average heterozygosity at a number of loci in the Swedish snake population allow you to test whether the introduced snakes had actually bred successfully with the inbred Swedish snakes?
- In a population, the frequencies of two alleles are B = 0.67 and b = 0.33. The genotype frequencies are BB = 0.50, Bb = 0.37, and bb = 0.13. Do these numbers suggest inbreeding? Explain why or why not.A mountain region has a population of 5,000 mountain goats. You score these animals for the R locus and find that this locus has two alleles, R (dominant) and r (recessive). 3200 individuals are homozygous dominant, 1,600 are heterozygous, and 200 are homozygous recessive. A deadly virus infects all of the RR mountain goats in the population (above), killing all individuals of this genotype and leaving the population with only the rr and Rr mountain goats. a) Calculate the new allele frequencies for this population. Show your work. b) Calculate the new (observed) genotypic frequencies for this population. Show your work. c) Does this population still appear to be at H-W equilibrium? Why or why not? (You do not need to analyze this statistically).A situation in which hybrids are less successful (lower fitness) than individuals from either parent population will lead to which type of situation?