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- What is an experiment?The technology underlying hip replacements has changed as these operations havebecome more popular (over 250,000 in the United States in 2008). Starting in 2003,highly durable ceramic hips were marketed. Unfortunately, for too many patients theincreased durability has been counterbalanced by an increased incidence ofsqueaking. The May 11, 2008, issue of the New York Times reported that in one studyof 143 individuals who received ceramic hips between 2003 and 2005, 10 of the hipsdeveloped squeaking.a. Calculate a lower confidence bound at the 95% confidence level for the trueproportion of such hips that develop squeaking.b. Interpret the 95% confidence level used in (a).An American medical team wishes to test whether passive smoking affects the chance of children contracting bronchitis. Historically, the disease has been known to occur at least once in 20% of children aged 12. The team analysed the results of a random sample of 250 12-year-old children who were passive smokers, and found that 30 of these had contracted bronchitis at least once in their lives. Use a 5% level of significance to test the claim that the proportion of children who are passive smokers is 20%. What is the null and alternate hypotheses What is the value of the test statistic from below z = 3.16 z = -3.16 z =3.89 z = -3.89 What is the p-value from below 0.0016 0.0008 0.0000 0.0001 Based on this evidence, what is the conclusion
- To investigate water quality, in early September 2016, the Ohio Department of Health took water samples at 2424 beaches on Lake Erie in Erie County. Those samples were tested for fecal coliform, which are the E. coli bacteria found in human and animal feces. An unsafe level of fecal coliform means there is a higher chance that disease‑causing bacteria are present and more risk that a swimmer will become ill if she or he should accidentally ingest some of the water. Ohio considers it unsafe for swimming if a 100-milliliter100-milliliter sample (about 3.3 ounces)3.3 ounces) of water contains more than 400400 coliform bacteria. The E. coli levels found by the laboratories are shown in the table. 18.7 579.4 1986.3 517.2 98.7 45.7 124.6 201.4 19.9 83.6 365.4 307.6 285.1 152.9 18.7 151.5 365.4 238.2 209.8 290.9 137.6 1046.2 127.4 224.7 Take these water samples to be an SRS of the water in all swimming areas in Erie County. Are these data good evidence that on…Tardigrades, or water bears, are a type of micro-animal famous for their resilience. In examining the effects of radiation on organisms, an expert claimed that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades no longer has a mean of 900 Gy (grays). (For comparison, humans cannot withstand more than 10 Gy .) A study was conducted on a sample of 27 randomly selected tardigrade colonies, finding that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony had a sample mean of 907 Gy , with a sample standard deviation of 17 Gy . Assume that the population of amounts of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades is approximately normally distributed. Complete the parts below to perform a hypothesis test to see if there is enough evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, to support the claim that μ , the mean amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades, is not equal to 900…Tardigrades, or water bears, are a type of micro-animal famous for their resilience. In examining the effects of radiation on organisms, an expert claimed that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades no longer has a mean of 900 Gy (grays). (For comparison, humans cannot withstand more than 10 Gy .) A study was conducted on a sample of 27 randomly selected tardigrade colonies, finding that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony had a sample mean of 907 Gy , with a sample standard deviation of 17 Gy . Assume that the population of amounts of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades is approximately normally distributed. Complete the parts below to perform a hypothesis test to see if there is enough evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, to support the claim that μ , the mean amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades, is not equal to 900…
- Each year, more than 2 million people in the United States become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. In particular, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention have launched studies of drug-resistant gonorrhea.† Suppose that, of 221 cases tested in a certain state, 14 were found to be drug-resistant. Suppose also that, of 322 cases tested in another state, 6 were found to be drug-resistant. Do these data suggest a statistically significant difference between the proportions of drug-resistant cases in the two states? Use a 0.02 level of significance. (Let p1 = the population proportion of drug-resistant cases in the first state, and let p2 = the population proportion of drug resistant cases in the second state.) 1) State the null and alternative hypotheses. (Enter != for ≠ as needed.) 2) What is the test statistic & P-value? 3) what is the conclusion? A) Reject H0. There is a significant difference in drug resistance between the two states. B) Reject H0.…Researchers examine the association between the fluoridation of water and the prevention of tooth decay by comparing the prevalence of tooth decay in countries that have fluoridated water with the prevalence in countries that do not. Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Assume that tooth decay was seen to be less common in countries with fluoridated water. Could this result be due to confounding?Each year, more than 2 million people in the United States become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. In particular, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention have launched studies of drug-resistant gonorrhea.† Suppose that, of 189 cases tested in a certain state, 12 were found to be drug-resistant. Suppose also that, of 429 cases tested in another state, 8 were found to be drug-resistant. Do these data suggest a statistically significant difference between the proportions of drug-resistant cases in the two states? Use a 0.02 level of significance. (Let p1 = the population proportion of drug-resistant cases in the first state, and let p2 = the population proportion of drug resistant cases in the second state.) State the null and alternative hypotheses. (Enter != for ≠ as needed.) H0: ______ Ha: ______ Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) = What is the p-value? (Round your answer to four decimal places.) p-value =…
- Each year, more than 2 million people in the United States become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. In particular, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention have launched studies of drug-resistant gonorrhea.† Suppose that, of 205 cases tested in a certain state, 13 were found to be drug-resistant. Suppose also that, of 375 cases tested in another state, 7 were found to be drug-resistant. Do these data suggest a statistically significant difference between the proportions of drug-resistant cases in the two states? Use a 0.02 level of significance. (Let p1 = the population proportion of drug-resistant cases in the first state, and let p2 = the population proportion of drug resistant cases in the second state.) State the null and alternative hypotheses. (Enter != for ≠ as needed.) A. H0: Ha: B. a) Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) b) What is the p-value? (Round your answer to four decimal…An independent research group has been studying the chances that an accident at a nuclear power plant will result in radiation leakage. The group considers that the only possible types of accidents at a reactor are fire, mechanical failure, and human error, and that two or more accidents never occur together. It has performed studies that indicate that if there were a fire, a radiation leak would occur 20 percent of the time; if there were a mechanical failure, a radiation leak would occur 50 percent of the time; and if there were a human error, a radiation leak would occur 10 percent of the time. Its studies have also shown that the probability of A fire and a radiation leak occurring together is 0.0010. A mechanical failure and a radiation leak occurring together is 0.0015. A human error and a radiation leak occurring together is 0.0012. (a)What are the respective probabilities of a fire, mechanical failure, and human error? (b)What are the respective probabilities that a…Tardigrades, or water bears, are a type of micro-animal famous for their resilience. In examining the effects of radiation on organisms, an expert claimed that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades no longer has a mean of 1350 Gy (grays). (For comparison, humans cannot withstand more than 10 Gy .) A study was conducted on a sample of 18 randomly selected tardigrade colonies, finding that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony had a sample mean of 1375 Gy , with a sample standard deviation of 75 Gy . Assume that the population of amounts of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades is approximately normally distributed. Complete the parts below to perform a hypothesis test to see if there is enough evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, to support the claim that μ , the mean amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades, is not equal to 1350 Gy .