Calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and germanium (Ge) are elements in the fourth per Table. All elements form 2+ cations. Ca has a radius of 114 pm, Mn-* has a radius of 81 pm, and Ge2 has a radius of 87 pm. a) Write the electron configuration for Ca2 using the condensed noble gas notation. Identify which orbitals lose electrons to yield the 2+ cation. b) Write the electron configuration for Mn2 using the condensed noble gas notation. Identify which orbitals lose electrons to yield the 2+ cation. c) Write the electron configuration for Ge2 using the condensed noble gas notation. Identify which orbitals lose electrons to yield the 2+ cation. ( d) Explain the radius size trend for these three ions. (2-3 sentences)

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Atomic Structure

The basic structure of an atom is defined as the component-level of atomic structure of an atom. Precisely speaking an atom consists of three major subatomic particles which are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Many theories have been stated for explaining the structure of an atom.

Shape of the D Orbital

Shapes of orbitals are an approximate representation of boundaries in space for finding electrons occupied in that respective orbital. D orbitals are known to have a clover leaf shape or dumbbell inside where electrons can be found.