Cigarette use   Alcohol use Yes No Total Yes 1449(1280.18) 500 (668.8) 1949 No 46(214.82) 281 (112.20) 327 Total 1495 781 2276   Test whether cigarette use and alcohol use are statistically independent using the chi-squared test. State the null and alternative hypotheses, calculate the test statistic using table, state the df in the table, and state your conclusions.   H0: Ha: X2 =   df = If the P-value is less than 0.001 and α = 0.05, is there evidence of an association between alcohol use and cigarette use?

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