Consider a two-firm industry producing two differentiated products indexed by i = 1,2. For simplicity, we assume that production is costless. Suppose that the demand functions for the two products are given by q1 = 168 2p1 + p2 and q2 = 168 - 2p2 + p1. a Suppose that the two firms set their price independently and simultaneously. Find the Bertrand-Nash equilibrium. b Suppose that the two firms move sequentially rather than simultaneously. In particular, suppose that firm 1 sets its price first. After observing firm 1' selection, firm 2 chooses its price. Find the Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium.
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- The marginal cost of a product is fixed at MC = 20. The demand for the product is Q = 100 - 2P. (a) Now consider a Cournot model with two firms that are choosing quantities simultaneously. What is the best reply (best response) function for each firm? What is theNash equilibrium? What is the total surplus? (b)What do you expect the total surplus would be with three firms? Why? (You do not need to calculate an exact value. You can say ”total surplus is at least 100”, or ”total surplus is at most 80”)Suppose that there are two firms producing a homogenous product and let the market demand besiven by Q(P) = 120 -P/2 . For simplicity assume that each fir operates with zero total cost. a) Assuming that firms compete over quantities, find the price best-response functions of firms 1 and2. Draw a diagram that shows the BRFs and the equilibrium, Are outputs strategic substitutes orcomplements? Find each firm's Cournot equilibrium output, price, profit, and total surplus. DefineNash equilibrium and argue that it is indeed a Nash equilibrium. b) Show that the duopolists have incentives to collude, Find their joint profit-maximizing price, output,and profit: find each firm's output and profit. Is collusion a Nash equilibrium? If not, what is theoptimal defection for each firm? Show this game in a 2X2 matrix form. What does this imply aboutthe Nash equilibrium or the stability of their collusive agreement? Is it a Prisoner's Dilemma Type? c) Suppose now that fims play the above game in…(Cournot competition with different marginal costs) Our best estimate for total marketdemand in a given market is P 1000-2Q. Two firms (1 and 2) are competing in this market in quantities, choosing Q1 and Q2 simultaneously. Firm 1 has marginalcost equal to c1 = 100 and Firm 2 produces at marginal cost c2 = 200. (a) Write down the profits of both firms and and their best response functions. (b) Find the Cournot - Nash equilibrium in quantities, and calculate equilibrium profits for both firms. (c) Suppose that each firm has the option, at a previous stage, to invest in an R&D project that will reduce its marginal cost of production by 50% if successful. What is the value of this innovation to each firm? Given that R&D costs and successprobabilities are equal, which one has greater incentives to invest in R&D ? You can think in terms of per - period profits to set aside timing issues.
- Suppose that two firms produce mountain spring water and the market demand for mountain spring water is given as follows: P= 254 - 91 - 92 Firm 1 and Firm 2 have a MC = 50 a) Find the Cournot-Nash equilibrium price and quantity of each firm. b) Assume now that firm 1 becomes the Stackelberg leader. What will be the market price, output by each firm? Compared to part a, who gains? c) If Firm 1 chooses a quantity, then Firm 2 chooses a quantity (having observed Firm 1's quantity), then Firm 1 has an opportunity to revise its quantity (having observed Firm 2's quantity), then payoffs are determined, does either firm stand to gain relative to the case of simultaneous quantity choice? Why or why not? (hint: there is no need to do any calculation here).Consider a market for energy drinks consisting of only one firm. The firm has a linear cost function: C(q)=4q, where q represents quantity produced by the firm. The market inverse demand function is given byr P(Q)=24-2Q, where Q represents total industry output. Based on the given information answer the following. a. Now suppose a second firm enters the market. The second firm has an identical cost function. What will be the Cournot equilibrium output for each firm? b. Whay is the Stackelberg equilibrium output for each firm of firm 2 enters second? How much profit will each firm make in yhe Cournot game? How much in Stackelberg? c. Which type of market do consumers prefer: monopoly, Cournot duopoly or Stackelberg duopoly?Consider a quantity-setting duopoly. The two firms are Alpha, Ltd. and Beta, Inc. The demand schedulein this market is: p Qd180 150155 175130 200Each firm has a constant marginal cost of 30 per unit. Suppose each firm can choose to produce either 75units or 100 units. Firms make their quantity choices simultaneously and the market price is whatever itneeds to be to sell the total output in the market.(a) Draw up the normal form game matrix, showing the players, strategies, and payoffs. Show your workdetermining the profits in each box in the matrix.(b) Determine the Nash equilibrium of this game.(c) Suppose the firms were able to come to an agreement to make more profit. What would this agreementbe?(d) Explain how the government might respond to such an agreement and why.
- Consider a quantity-setting duopoly. The two firms are Alpha, Ltd. and Beta, Inc. The demand schedulein this market is:p Qd180 150155 175130 200Each firm has a constant marginal cost of 30 per unit. Suppose each firm can choose to produce either 75units or 100 units. Firms make their quantity choices simultaneously and the market price is whatever itneeds to be to sell the total output in the market.(a) Draw up the normal form game matrix, showing the players, strategies, and payoffs. Show your workdetermining the profits in each box in the matrix.(b) Determine the Nash equilibrium of this game.(c) Suppose the firms were able to come to an agreement to make more profit. What would this agreementbe?(d) Explain how the government might respond to such an agreement and whyConsider a market with two firms. Each firm is located at one end of a line with lenght one. There is a mass one of consumers. The location of each consumer is given by 0 < x < 1 which is uniformly distributed (with density 1). Firms have no cost of production and set price simultaneously. a) Derive the demand for each firm by identifying the location of the indifferent con- sumer for each price pair. Assume that all consumers know about both products. b) Write down the profit functions and calculate the Nash equilibrium prices for both firms. c) Assume that consumers only know the product if they have received and ad. Suppose that ads are not targeted and each firm reaches any consumer with probability 0.5 with her ad. Calculate the size of the different consumer segments. Determine the resulting demand and the new Nash equilibirum prices of the firms. d) Suppose that the ads are costless. When do the firms make larger profits? With fully informed consuemers b) or with imperfect…Consider a market with two firms. Each firm is located at one end of a line with lenght one. There is a mass one of consumers. The location of each consumer is given by 0 < x < 1 which is uniformly distributed (with density 1). Firms have no cost of production and set price simultaneously.a) Derive the demand for each firm by identifying the location of the indifferent con- sumer for each price pair. Assume that all consumers know about both products.b) Write down the profit functions and calculate the Nash equilibrium prices for both firms.c) Assume that consumers only know the product if they have received and ad. Suppose that ads are not targeted and each firm reaches any consumer with probability 0.5 with her ad. Calculate the size of the different consumer segments. Determine the resulting demand and the new Nash equilibirum prices of the firms.d) Suppose that the ads are costless. When do the firms make larger profits? With fully informed consuemers b) or with imperfect ads…
- Assume that two companies (C and D) are duopolists that produce identical products. Demand for the products is given by the following linear demand function:P=1000−QC−QDwhere QC and QD are the quantities sold by the respective firms and P is the selling price. Total cost functions for the two companies are TCC=15,000+50QC TCD=10,000+75QD Assume that the firms act independently as in the Cournot model (i.e., each firm assumes that the other firm’s output will not change). Please, find the equilibrium output of firm C.Consider two firms that produce the same good and competesetting quantities. The firms face a linear demand curve given by P(Q) =1 − Q, where the Q is the total quantity offered by the firms. The costfunction for each of the firms is c(qi) = cqi, where 0 < c < 1 and qiis the quantity offered by the firm i = 1, 2. Find the Nash equilibriumoutput choices of the firms, as well as the total output and the price, andcalculate the output and the welfare loss compared to the competitiveoutcome. How would the answer change if the firms compete settingprices? What can we conclude about the relationship between competitionand the number of firms?Three firms compete in the style of Cournot. All firms have a constant returns to scale technology: There are no fixed cost and each firm's marginal cost is constant. The market demand is given by Q(P) = 9 - P. Firm 1's marginal cost is MC1 = 1, firm 2's marginal cost is MC2 = 2. Let MC3 be the marginal cost of Firm 3. Which of the below is a necessary condition so that q > 0 for all three firms in a Nash equilibrium? a. MC3 < 1 b. MC3 < 4 c. MC3 < 3 d. MC3 > 1 e. MC3 < 2