Consider the process where S0 = 0 and {ut : t ∈ Z} is an i.i.d. random variable with N(0,σ2). a) DeterminethemeanandcovariancefunctionoftheprocessSt.Isthisprocessstrictlystationary?Second-order stationary? b) Show that the process Yt = (1 − L)St , t = 1,2,... is strictly stationary. Compute its mean and autocovariance function.
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- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Suppose that the government must undertake an irreversible policy decision regarding the extent of air pollution regulation. The government is making this decision in a situation of uncertainty, however. In particular, there is some probability p that the benefits will remain the same as they are this year for all future years, but there is some probability 1 - p that benefits will be less in all future years. If we take into consideration the multiperiod aspects, should we err on the side of overregulation or underregulation, compared to what we would do in a single-period choice?A farmer believes there is an equal chance that the next growing season will be abnormallyrainy. His expected return function has the formExpected return = 0.5lnYNR + 0.5lnYRwhere YNR and YR represent the farmer’s income in the states of “normal rain”and “rainy,” respectively.Suppose the farmer must choose between two crops that promise the following incomeprospects:Crop YNR YRMaize $14,000 $5,000Cotton $9,500 $7,500a) Which of the crops will he plant?b) Suppose the farmer can plant half his field with each crop. Would he choose to do so?Explain your result.c) What mix of Maize and Cotton would provide maximum expected utility to this farmer?d) Would Maize crop insurance, available to farmers who grow only Maize, which costs$2,000 and pays off $4,000 in the event of a rainy growing season, cause this farmer tochange what he plants?I cannot figure out how the equation goes from q1 = D1 (p1; p2) = S(1/2 + (p2-p1/2t)) to q1 = S/2 +(p2-p1/2t) why is S not in the numerator of both terms? i.e. q1 = S/2 + S(p2-p1/2t)
- In the past four years, the annual returns of one company’s stockare 12%, 18%, and –14%, and 7%.a) What is the geometric average return? b) What is the arithmetic average of the returns? c) According to an economist’ forecast on the Year 2020, the probabilities of repeatingthe performances of the former four years are 30%, 30%, 20%, and 20%, respectively.What is the expected return of the stock in the Year 2020Can you explain what these two belows mean in regard of GMM and Maximum likelihood. What are we calculating and what is it used to Unconstrained optimizationConstrained optimizatioQ6 Suppose that at time t=0, half of a "logistic" population of 100000 persons have heard a certain rumor and that the number of those who have heard it is then increasing at the rate of 500 persons per day. How long will it take for this rumor to spread to 80% of the population? ( Suggestion: Find the value of k by substituting P(0) and P'(0) in the logistic equation) a. About 98 days b. About 34 days c. About 19 days d. About 69 days e. About 119 days
- DEPENDENT VARIABLE Qc R- SQUARE P- VALUE ON F 64 0.8093 0.0001 INDEPENDENTVARIABLE PARAMETER ESTIMATE STANDARD ERROR T-RATIO P-VALUE INTERCEPT 8.20 4.01 2.04 0.0461 PC -3.54 1.64 -2.16 0.0357 M 0.64287 0.19 3.38 0.0014 PA 0.7854 0.38 2.07 0.0439 Explain the interceptand the coefficients of Pc, M, and PA.Consider the following decomposition of the error term: v i t = a i + u i t The first part of this error term (ai) caputres ______and the second part (uit) caputres______. time constant unobserved factors, time varying unobserved factors time varying unobserved factors, time constant unobserved factors homoskedasticity, heteroskedasticity heteroskedasticity, homoskedasticityIs this right or wrong (The question is the screenshot) (A) We want to minimize the cost function C(x, y) = 9x + 12y subject to the constraint U(x, y) =x (y + 3) = 128.9 and non-negativity constraints × ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 We set up the Lagrangian: L(x, y, λ) = C(x, y) - λ(U(x, y) - 128.9) Now, we calculate the partial derivatives with respect to x, y, and 1: ∂L/∂x = 9 - λ(y + 3) ∂L/∂y = 12 - λX ∂L/λ = 128.9 - U(x, y) Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero, we have: 9 - λ(y + 3) = 0 2 12 - λx = 0 128.9 - x(y + 3) = 0 From equation 2, we get λ= 12/x. Substituting A into equations 1 and 3: 9 - (12/x)(y + 3) = 0 2. 128.9 - xY - 3x = 0 Now, we can solve this system of equations simultaneously. Let's start by solving equation 2 for X: 128.9 - xy - 3x = 0 xy = 128.9 - 3x Now, substitute this into equation 1: 9 - (12/x)(y + 3) = 0 9-(12/x)(128.9 - 3x + 3) = 0 9- (12/x)(131.9 -3x) = 0 9 -1,582.8/x + 36x = 0 Multiply through by x to get rid of the fraction: 9x - 1.582.8 ÷…
- Please no written by hand solution Kate recently invested in real estate with the intention of selling the property one year from today. She has modeled the returns on that investment based on three economic scenarios. She believes that if the economy stays healthy, then her investment will generate a 30 percent return. However, if the economy softens, as predicted, the return will be 10 percent, while the return will be -25 percent if the economy slips into a recession. If the probabilities of the healthy, soft, and recessionary states are 0.6, 0.2, and 0.2, respectively, then what are the expected return and the standard deviation of the return on Kate❝s investment? Calculate the coefficient of variation for this investment. (Round expected return to 3 decimal places, e.g. 0.125 and round intermediate calculations and standard deviation to 5 decimal places, e.g. 0.07680.)53. The annual demand for Prizdol, a prescription drugmanufactured and marketed by the NuFeel Company,is normally distributed with mean 50,000 and standarddeviation 12,000. Assume that demand during each ofthe next 10 years is an independent random numberfrom this distribution. NuFeel needs to determine howlarge a Prizdol plant to build to maximize its expectedprofit over the next 10 years. If the company builds aplant that can produce x units of Prizdol per year, it willcost $16 for each of these x units. NuFeel will produceonly the amount demanded each year, and each unit ofPrizdol produced will sell for $3.70. Each unit of Prizdol produced incurs a variable production cost of $0.20.It costs $0.40 per year to operate a unit of capacity.a. Among the capacity levels of 30,000, 35,000,40,000, 45,000, 50,000, 55,000, and 60,000 unitsper year, which level maximizes expected profit?Use simulation to answer this question.b. Using the capacity from your answer to part a,NuFeel can be 95%…Hello. May I ask how did you get the values? Were those only assumed values? Can you also explain how did you make the normal form thoroughly?