Consider the two period consumption savings problem faced by an individual whose utility is defined on period consumption. This utility function u(c) has the properties that it is strictly increasing and concave, u'(c) > 0, u"(c) < 0 (where u'(c) denotes the first derivative while u"(c) represents the second derivative) and satisfies the Inada condition lim→0 u'(c) = ∞ (slope of the utility function becomes vertical as consumption approaches zero). The individual's lifetime utility is give by u(ci)+ Bu(c2). In the first period of life, the individual has yı units of income that can be either consumed or saved. In order to save, the individual must purchase bonds at a price of q units of the consumption good per bond. Each of these bonds returns a single unit of
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How does savings change with changes in q? Provide some intuition behind this result.
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- Consider a two-period consumption saving model and let f1 and f2 denote the first and secondperiod consumption, respectively. Assume that the interest rate at which the consumer may lend or borrowis 10%. Suppose that a consumer’s utility function is x (f1> f2) = f1 + 20√f2= The consumer first periodincome is L1 = $100 and the present value of her income stream is $330=(a) What is the optimal consumption stream (consumption bundle) of this consumer?(b) Is this consumer borrower or lender? How much does she borrow or lend?(c) What is the effect of a reduction of the interest rate to 5% on the consumer’s optimal first-periodsaving? (Make sure to take into account the effect of the decline in the interest rate on the present value ofthe consumer’s income stream.)John and Peter are two representative consumers/investors who maximize the utility of consumption. John's utility of consumption is characterized as ln(x) + 2ln(y) while Peter puts more weight on the current consumption level and has a utility function of 2ln(x) + ln(y). John has a wealth of ($10, $20) thousand, while Peter has a wealth of ($20, $15) thousand now and next year, respectively. (a) What are the optimal consumption plans forJohn and Peter,respectively,if the interest rate is 5% per annum? (b) If John and Peter are the only investors/consumers, what is the equilibrium interest rate? (c) Further to part (b), how much do they borrow or lend to each other?Clare is contemplating her possible consumption patter for this year and next. She know that she will have income of $50,000 this year and $55,000 next yea. Her plan is to consume $40,000 this year (t=0). She is also going to invest 30,000. This investment has a positive NPV of $450. She decides to take the investment; in addition, the return on the investment is 9.62%. What consumption she can expect at t=1? (show a detailed procedure)
- Assume Marco is initially borrowing and investing 100, with a return on investment of 50% and an interest rate on borrowing at 10%. The return on investment falls to 5%. Which statements are correct? Select one or more: A. Marco’s decision to continue to invest will depend on his preference between consumption today and consumption in the future. B. Marco will wish to invest and borrow, but he will be worse off than when the return to investment was 50%. C. If he continues to invest and borrow, the dashed line representing his new frontier will start at 105 on the y axis and be shallower than the solid red line, so he’ll continue to invest and borrow D. In the remaining questions, assume the central bank now cuts interest rates so that the real interest rate falls to zero. Marco will still not wish to invest and borrow. E. If he just invests his money in the bank instead, his frontier will cross the x axis at 100 and be steeper than the frontier if he invests.…During any year, I can consume any amount that doesnot exceed my current wealth. If I consume c dollars duringa year, I earn ca units of happiness. By the beginning of thenext year, the previous year’s ending wealth grows by afactor k.a Formulate a recursion that can be used to maximizetotal utility earned during the next T years. Assume Ioriginally have w0 dollars.b Let ft(w) be the maximum utility earned during years t, t 1, . . . , T, given that I have w dollars at the be-ginning of year t; and ct(w) be the amount that should be consumed during year t to attain ft(w). By workingbackward, show that for appropriately chosen constantsat and bt,ft(w) btwa and ct(w) atwInterpret these results.H3. An investor with an initial endowment of $ 16,000 is confronted with the following productivity curve: C1= 240 (16,000 − C0)0.5 where C0 denotes consumption at present, and C1 consumption in the future. Assume the interest rate (for borrowing and lending) is 20%. The investor's utility function, from which it is possible to derive his indifference curves, is defined as: U(C0, C1) =C0C1 . What is the NPV of the investment chosen by the investor? Show proper step by step calculation
- Seung’s utility function is given by U = ln(C), where C is consumption. She makes $30,000 per year and enjoy jumping out of airplanes. There's a 5% chance that in the next year, she will break both legs, incur medical costs of $15,000, and lose an additional $5,000 from missing work. (a) What is Seung’s expected utility without insurance? (b) Suppose Seung can buy insurance that will cover the medical expenses but not the forgone part of her salary. How much would an actuarially fair policy cost, and what is her expected utility if she buys it? (c) Suppose Seung can buy insurance that will cover her medical expenses and forgone salary. How much would such a policy cost if it's actuarially fair, and what is her expected utility if she buys it?2. Mr. A has the following utility function and budget constraints: Max 0.1Ln(C1) + 0.7Ln(C2) Subject to S1 + C1 = 100 C2 + S2 = (1 + r)S1 where C1 and C2 are consumption level at young and that at old respectively. Likewise, S1 and S2 are saving at young and saving at old respectively. a) Find out Mr. A’s optimal consumption levels (i.e. C1*, C2*) and optimal savings (i.e. S1*, S2*) in terms of interest rate r. b) Show clearly the results in part a) in a suitable diagram (with C1 as x-axis and C2 as y-axis). c) Is Mr. A a saver ? or a borrower ? d) If r is equal to 0 (i.e. saving gives no returns), will Mr. A still choose to save when he is young (i.e. is S1 still bigger than 0) ? Why ? e) Suppose that Mr. A is not allowed to save (i.e. S1 = 0). What are his optimal consumption levels ? Show his optimal consumption levels in the same diagram you prepare for part a) (with a suitable indifference curve). f) If r increases,…Amy is figuring out her budget for two periods, t∈1,2 . In each period, she has an income yt with y1=200 and y2=0 . ct denotes her consumption level at period t . Amy decides to spend half of her first period income immediately, so c1=100 , and invest the other half ( $100 ). Amy has two investment options. One option is to buy stocks from company B . Each share costs $1 at t=1 . At t=2, the stock price is uncertain. There is a 10 % chance the stock price increases to $4 per share, a 50 % chance the stock price increases to $2.25 per share, and a 40 % chance the company B goes bankrupt and the stock price falls to $0 per share. Amy's other option is to invest all $100 in a savings account. But at t=2 , there is also a random shock to the savings account. There is a 50 % chance the bank operates normally and the interest rate is r=44 % and a 50 % chance the interest rate falls to 0 (but Amy can still get her $100 principal back). 1. Assume without proof that at t=1 , she still consumes…
- Amy is figuring out her budget for two periods, t∈1,2 . In each period, she has an income yt with y1=200 and y2=0 . ct denotes her consumption level at period t . Amy decides to spend half of her first period income immediately, so c1=100 , and invest the other half ( $100 ). Amy has two investment options. One option is to buy stocks from company B . Each share costs $1 at t=1 . At t=2, the stock price is uncertain. There is a 10 % chance the stock price increases to $4 per share, a 50 % chance the stock price increases to $2.25 per share, and a 40 % chance the company B goes bankrupt and the stock price falls to $0 per share. Amy's other option is to invest all $100 in a savings account. But at t=2 , there is also a random shock to the savings account. There is a 50 % chance the bank operates normally and the interest rate is r=44 % and a 50 % chance the interest rate falls to 0 (but Amy can still get her $100 principal back). 1. If Amy invests $ 100 in stocks at t=1 , what is the…Based on the model in the image answer the following questions: a. Write down agent period 2 and period 3 budget constraint separately. b. Set up the agent's utility maximization problem showing her choice of variables clearly. Write down the first order conditions for agent's utility maximization. c. Derive the ratio of consumption in period 2 and period 3 i.e. c2/c3 in terms of the parameter of the model. d. Explain how investment on the parameter,e, depends on value of BA university student recieved $1,000 upon graduation at age 20 years. This person washired by one of the largest global petrochemical companies soon after graduation withan expected annual income of $250. Assume that the retirement age is 65 years andlife expectancy is 85 years in the country in which the student resides. Given that thiscountry has zero real interest rate and consumption smoothing is optimal for allindividuals:a. Derive an expression for the person’s average propensity to consume.b. State in one sentence how the consumption puzzle is addressed