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Skype is a well‑known VoIP system used not only for peer‑to‑peer conversations but also for audio and video conferencing involving three or more callers. Assume a video conference with a central server on Skype has N callers, and each caller generates a constant data stream at rate r bps. How many bits per second does the call initiator need to send? How many bits does each of other N‑1 callers need to send?
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- Computer A uses the Go-back-N ARQ protocol to send a 110 Mbytes file to computer B with a window size of 15. Given each frame carries 100K bytes data. How long does it take to send the whole file (the total time taken from A sending the first bit of the file until A receiving the last acknowledgment)? Given that the transmission rate of the link is 500 Mbps and the propagation time between A and B is 15ms. Assume no data or control frame is lost or damaged and ignore the overhead due to header and trailer.Suppose nodes A and B are on the same 10 Mbps broadcast channel, and the propagation delay between the two nodes is 245 bit-times. Suppose A and B send Ethernet frames at the same time. Suppose the transmission time of the entire frame is 295 bit-times. So, the frames collide, and then A and B choose different values of K in the CSMA/CD algorithm. A node chooses the value of K at random from {0,1,2,...2n−1} where n is the number of collisions experienced on the channel – note n is set to 1 in this case). For Ethernet, the actual amount of time a node waits is K*512 bit times (i.e., K times the amount of time needed to send 512 bits into the Ethernet). Suppose A chooses a K value of 0 and B chooses a K value of 1. Assuming no other nodes are active, can the retransmissions from A and B collide? Justify your answer by showing all the intermediate steps of your calculations.Write a program to simulate the behavior of the CSMA/CD protocol over Ethernet when ther are N stations ready to transmit while a frame is being transmitted. Your program should report the times when each station successfully starts sending its frame. Assume that a clock tick occurs every slot time (51.2 microsec) and a collison detection and sending of a jamming sequence takes one slot time. All frames are the maximum length allowed.
- Consider an application that transmits data at a steady rate (forexample, the sender generates an N-bit unit of data every k time units, where k issmall and fixed). Also, when such an application starts, it will continue running fora relatively long period of time. Answer the following questions, briefly justifyingyour answer:a. Would a packet-switched network or a circuit-switched network be moreappropriate for this application? Why?Consider sending real-time data from Host A to Host B over a packet-switched network. Host A takes an 8-bit measurement every millisecond, and Host A collects these into 64-byte packets. There is one link between Hosts A and B; its transmission rate is 5 Mbps, its propagation delay is 2 × 108 meters/sec, and its length is 3 km. As soon as Host A gathers a packet, it sends the packet to Host B. How much time elapses from the time that Host A begins to take the first measurement in a packet until the entire packet reaches Host B?In a data communication system, several messages that arrive at a node are bundled into a packet before they are transmitted over the network. Assume that the messages arrive at the node according to a Poisson process with rate 30 messages per minute (0.5 per second). Five messages are used to form a packet.What is the mean time until a packet is formed, that is, until five messages arrive at the node?
- MAC protocols for an access network with N nodes continuously producing data at a constant rate of x bits per second per node are needed, and you are responsible for developing one. The traffic aggregated across nodes is also less than but close to the entire capacity of the access network, which is another positive development. In your opinion, which protocol is preferable: channel partitioning or random access? For this example, let us assume that you have chosen channel partitioning and that the channel has been divided into N subchannels.This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay and transmission delay, two central concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, A and B, connected by a single link of rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the propagation speed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B. a. Express the propagation delay, dprop, in terms of m and s.b. Determine the transmission time of the packet, dtrans, in terms of L and R.c. Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the end-to-end delay.d. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = dtrans, where is the last bit of the packet?e. Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of the packet?f. Suppose dprop is less than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of the packet?g. Suppose s = 2.5 * 108 meters/sec, L = 120 bits, and R = 0.112 Mbps. Find the distance m…Consider the following network with given line speeds and lengths: Assume the speed of light is 2×10^8 m/s, and that the processing and queuing delays are negligible. Node A sends a 1400-byte frame to node C through node B. Suppose Node A starts sending the first bit of the frame at t=0. Answer the following questions: a. At what time (t=?) node B receives the frame in full (i.e. the last bit)? b. After node B receives the frame in full, then it will start sending the frame to node C. Determine the time (t=?) when node C receives the frame in full. c. Suppose at this time node C sends a small acknowledgment back to node A. The transmission time for the acknowledgment is negligible. Calculate at what times (t=?) the acknowledgment arrives at nodes B and A. d. Assume after sending its frame, node A wait for the acknowledgment back from node C before sending the next frame. What is the average throughput (number of transmitted bits per second) of the data flow from node A to…
- This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay and transmission delay, twocentral concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, A and B, connected by a single link ofrate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the propagationspeed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B.a. Express the propagation delay, dprop, in terms of m and s.b. Determine the transmission time of the packet, dtrans, in terms of Land R.c. Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the endto-end delay.d. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = dtrans,where is the last bit of the packet?e. Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit ofthe packet?f. Suppose dprop is less than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit ofthe packet?g. Suppose s = 2.5 · 108, L = 120 bits, and R = 56 kbps. Find the distance mso that dprop equals…Consider a short, 10-meter link, over which a sender can transmit at a rate of 150 bits/sec in both directions. Suppose that packets containing data are 100,000 bits long, and packets containing only control (e.g., ACK or handshaking) are 200 bits long. Assume that N parallel connections each get 1/N of the link bandwidth. Now consider the HTTP protocol, and suppose that each downloaded object is 100 Kbits long, and that the initial downloaded object contains 10 referenced objects from the same sender. Would parallel downloads via parallel instances of non-persistent HTTP make sense in this case? Now consider persistent HTTP. Do you expect significant gains over the non-persistent case? Justify and explain your answerAssume that there is a shared connection (for example, an Ethernet bus) with a speed of 1 Mbps. How much time (in microseconds) is required to send a frame with a length of 1000 bits over this link?
