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- Based on the national saving and investment identity, what are the three ways the macroeconomy might react to greater government budget deficits?Explain whether or not you agree with the premise of the Ricardian equivalence theory that rational people might reason: Well, a higher budget deficit (surplus) means that Im just going to owe more (less) taxes In the future to pay off all that government borrowing, so Ill start saving (spending) now. Why or why not?This problem gets at the question of whether a government can run a budget deficit forever. For a government to avoid defaulting on its debt, it has to ensure its Debt/GDP ratio doesn’t get too big. Assume that ratio is not too big in the US right now, even though it’s about 100%.a) US nominal GDP has been rising by about 4% in recent years. Assume that continues. How much can US government debt rise each year in percent and keep the Debt/GDP ratio constant? b) If US government debt equaled $23 trillion at the start of this year, how big of a budget deficit could the US government run in dollars this year and still keep its Debt/GDP ratio constant?
- 11) If the Ricardian equivalence proposition is correct, then A) deficits harm future generations. B) deficits reduce investment spending. C) deficits stimulate the economy in the short run. D) all of the above E) none of the aboveExcuse me, Dr. Tax, but that position makes little sense. First of all, let me say that this administration’s tax cuts and spending cuts have been and are grossly unfair. The tax cuts have favored the rich, and the spending cuts have reduced programs that help maintain economic security for Americans with low incomes. The present deficit-and the deficits projected for the future-are so large that they threaten our recovery from the recession. Here’s why: All deficits must be paid for by government borrowing, and because the government is borrowing so much money, there is less available for consumers and businesses. With government borrowing now threatening to increase, interest rates will rise and this will reduce spending for houses and cars and, in fact, spending on anything bought with a loan, as well as a business investment that must be financed by borrowing. In other words, some important private borrowing will be crowded out. Sometime next year, the recovery will therefore…16. Which of the following statements is (are) correct? I. If the current inflation rate is positive, the inflation-adjusted government budget deficit will be smaller than the nominal government budget deficit.II. Under the capital budgeting, if the Government pays off its debt by selling an infrastructure it owns, it will not affect the government budget deficit. Answer: ________a) None of the above.b) I only.c) II only.d) Both I and II.
- What are some fiscal policies that might improve a society's human capital? (3pts) How would you expect larger budget deficits to affect a private sector investment in physical capital? (2pts) Why? (3pts)A. Calculate the levels of consumption and savings that occurs when the economy is in equilibrium. B. Computer the government budget deficit in this economy. C. If government spending in banana land increases by $1000 what is the amount of the increase in equilibrium output? D. If taxes in banana land decrease by $1000 what is the new equilibrium output in this economy? E. To keep the government budget balanced, of both government spending and taxes in banana land increase by $1000 what is the change in equilibrium income level?Which statement is a major consequence of high government budget deficits? a) All else held constant, high budget deficits financed by borrowing will lead to lower interest rates. b) If the government finances the deficit by borrowing money, it can crowd out business investment. c) Budget deficits cause unemployment as firms relocate to countries with balanced budgets. d) Printing money to finance the deficit can lead to a significantly deflationary environment.
- Contingent Liabilities When you take out an ordinary student loan, it is usually the case thatwhoever holds that loan is given a guarantee by the U.S. government, meaning that thegovernment will make up any payments you skip. This is just one example of the many loanguarantees made by the U.S. government. Such guarantees don’t show up in calculations ofgovernment spending or in official deficit figures. Why not? Should they show up?QUESTION 7 07. What factors make an expansionary "stimulus" fiscal policy effective? a) A government budget deficit associated with fiscal stimulus should should borrow money from those who spend less and save more, to those who spend more and save less. b) A permanent decrease in taxes is more effective in stimulating spending than a temporary one c) An increase in government purchases of goods and services should be temporary and should not permanently displace private spending d) The most expansionary way of financing the budget deficit associated with a fiscal stimulus policy is by the central bank expanding the quantity of money in circulation. e) Infrastructure investment belongs with long-term growth policy, but invariably makes a poor element in stimulus policy because such investment normally take a long time to implement. f) All the above.The current market rate of interest is 10 percent. At that rate of interest, businesses borrow $300 billion per year for investment and consumers borrow $50 billion per year to finance purchases. The government is currently borrowing $150 billion per year to cover its budget deficit.c. How would your conclusion differ if taxpayers fully anticipate future tax increases to offset the increase in the budget deficit?d. Do you think the Ricardian Equivalence is realistic?