Decreasing the discount rate is an expansionary policy stance because consumers and businesses can now borrow funds directly from the Fed at a lower cost, thereby encouraging private spending.
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- Let: C = consumption I = investment spending G = government spending Tx = tax revenue Yd= after-tax income MS = money supply MD = money demand r = interest rateAssume for a given closed economy:(i) Consumers spend $200 billion plus 80% of after-tax income, orC=200+0.8 Yd(ii) Investment demand varies inversely with the interest rate, such thatI= 500-2000r(iii) Currently government spending and taxes are both $250 billion, orG=250 and Tx=250,(iv) The total money demand or liquidity preference schedule for this economy is an inversefunction of the rate of interest and is given by the equationMD=850-1000r(v) The required reserve ratio for banks in this economy is 20%. No bank holds excessreserves, and everybody keeps their money in the bank. The total of reserves in the banks is$150 billion.Answer the following questions given the information above.d) The central bank wants national income to be $3000 billion. What must investment befor the equilibrium level of national income to be $3000…Let: C = consumption I = investment spending G = government spending Tx = tax revenue Yd = after-tax income MS = money supply MD = money demand r = interest rate Assume for a given closed economy: (i) Consumers spend $200 billion plus 80% of after-tax income, or C=200+0.8 Yd (ii) Investment demand varies inversely with the interest rate, such that I= 500-2000r (iii) Currently government spending and taxes are both $250 billion, or G=250 and Tx=250, (iv) The total money demand or liquidity preference schedule for this economy is an inverse function of the rate of interest and is given by the equation MD=850-1000r (v) The required reserve ratio for banks in this economy is 20%. No bank holds excess reserves, and everybody keeps their money in the bank. The total of reserves in the banks is $150 billion. Answer the following questions given the information above. a) What is the total money supply? b) What is the equilibrium interest rate? c) What is the equilibrium level of national…Suppose the central bank is following a constantmoney-growth-rate rule and the economy is hit witha severe economic downturn. Use an aggregate supply and demand graph to show the possible effects onthe economy. How does this situation reflect on thecredibility of the central bank if it maintains the moneygrowth rule? How does it reflect on the central bank’scredibility if it abandons the money growth rule torespond to the downturn?
- Using both the liquidity preference framework and thesupply and demand for bonds framework, show whyinterest rates are procyclical (rising when the economyis expanding and falling during recessions).option:a contractionarya decrease in government spendingA decrease in taxesan expansionaryan increase in government spendingan increase in taxesinflationtargeting a higher federal funds ratetargeting a lower federal funds ratethe purchasing of government securities in the open marketthe sale of government securities in the open marketunemploymentSuppose a wave of negative “animal spirits” overrunsthe economy, and people become pessimistic aboutthe future. To stabilize aggregate demand, the Fedcould _________ its target for the federal funds rateor Congress could _________ taxes.a. increase; increaseb. increase; decreasec. decrease; increased. decrease; decrease
- d. Macroland implements a combination of expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. What will be the effect of these policies on each of the following?i. Aggregate demand in Macrolandii. The price level in Macroland iii. Explain the effects of expansionary fiscal policies on interest rates inMacroland.iv. Explain the effects of expansionary monetary policies on interest rates in Macroland.If the U.S. government's budget deficits are increasing aggregate demand, and the economy is producing at a level that is substantially less than potential GDP, then: a) government borrowing is likely to crowd out private investment. b) an inflationary increase in the price level is in real danger. c) the central bank might react with an expansionary monetary policy. d) higher interest rates will crowd out private investment.Suppose a researcher discovers that a measure of thetotal amount of debt in the U.S. economy over thepast 20 years was a better predictor of inflation andthe business cycle than M1 or M2. Does this discoverymean that we should define money as equal to the totalamount of debt in the economy?
- Expansionary policies are designed to stimulate the economy byincreasing aggregate output. Explain why expansionary fiscalpolicy and expansionary monetary policy have opposite effectson the interest rate despite having the same goal of increasingaggregate output. Illustrate your answer with graphs of themoney market.1. A fiscal expansion coupled with a monetary expansion must always causea) Output to riseb) Output to fallc) Interest rates to rised) Interest rates to fall 2. Autonomous consumption isa) a function of disposable incomeb) a function of national incomec) a function of GDPd) a function of savinge) independent of the level of income 3. Monetary policy loses its effectiveness in all of the following situations EXCEPTa. When the IS curve is vertical.b. When the LM curve is nearly horizontal.c. When interest rate controlled by the Fed reaches zero.d. When the IS curve is horizontal. 4. In a small open economy, if the government adopts a policy that lowers imports, then that policy: a) raises the real exchange rate and increases net exports. b) raises the real exchange rate and does not change net exportsc) raises the real exchange and decreases net exportsd) lowers the real exchange rate 5. An increase in the trade surplus of the a small open economy could be the result of a. a domestic…Suppose a given country experienced low and stableinflation rates for quite some time, but then inflation picked up and over the past decade had beenrelatively high and quite unpredictable. Explain howthis new inflationary environment would affect thedemand for money according to portfolio theories ofmoney demand. What would happen if the governmentdecided to issue inflation-protected securities?