Define and describe the absolute and relative refractory periods and how they affect the direction of the action potential and limit frequency of re-stimulation

Q: What is the use of pulse generator in Vagus nerve stimulation ?

A: The vagus nerve is a long nerve which arises from the brain and runs down the neck and chest till it…

Q: Define and describe endogenous rhythms.

A: In biology, endogenous rhythm can be described as a biological clock of an organism's internal…

Q: Compare (consider both similarities and differences), contrast, and give the physiological…

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Q: An extensor mechanism injury may be characterized by

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Q: List the inputs that can converge on the interneurons active in local motor control?

A: In the human nervous system, the local motor control tends to receive direct input from sensory…

Q: Discuss the mechanisms by which the SCN synchronises circadian rhythms in the periphery

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Q: The output from the hypothalamus and the other brain areas to the effectors is via?

A: The effectors can be described as the bodily organs, tissues, or muscles activated in response to…

Q: A graded potential (a) decreases with distance from the point of stimulation. (b) spreads passively…

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. Cell has an outer covering which…

Q: A nurse uses a whirlpool to relax a patient following intensephysical therapy to restore movement in…

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Q: Compare rates of conduction system firing

A: The heart's conduction system generates and spreads the impulses throughout the heart to provide it…

Q: Identify the important physiological structures involved in action potential; then, explain in…

A: The neuron is the most excitable cell and therefore has the simplest action potential procedure.…

Q: Define the term reciprocal innervation?

A: Muscle is the system that controls the movement of the organs. This is also responsible for…

Q: Explain the all-or-none law of action potentials, and describe the effect of increased stimulus…

A: In reaction to stimuli, the axon membrane permeability to and depends on the opening of gated…

Q: Explain how a nerve impulse is generated and propagated.

A: Humans have a well-established nervous system that helps in transferring signals throughout the…

Q: Explain summation of EPSPs and IPSPs and the relationship to the initiation of an action potential.

A: The neuromuscular junctions exert stronger effects than the postsynaptic effects generated due to…

Q: Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation.

A: Long-term potentiation is a neural process in which the signals between neurons become stronger with…

Q: Describe the nature of the generator potential and explain its relationship to stimulus intensity…

A: When a stimulus is first applied, then some receptors react with an activity burst, but then rapidly…

Q: Why are neural or hormonal inputs needed for slow waves to be conducted?

A: Slow waves are generated in interstitial cells of Cajal in smooth muscles. These waves spread to the…

Q: Order the following events of excitation and excitationcontraction coupling. Put 1 by the first…

A: A motor neuron is responsible for the transmission of a stimulus to the muscle tissues. A motor unit…

Q: Describe the movement of specific ions during thegeneration of a nerve impulse.

A: Nerve impulse: It is a signal which travels along the length of a nerve fiber and ends in the…

Q: Explain transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)?

A: The use of low voltage electric currents to relieve pain is included in transcutaneous electrical…

Q: Describe the resting potential for neurons. How is this potential established? Describe the…

A: A neuron or a nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. They are…

Q: describe the events tha

A: The nerve cell or neuron is the primary unit of communication of the nervous system. These cells…

Q: Which of the following homeostatic control systems anticipate fluctuations in a variable and speed…

A: Homeostasis is defined as a type of self-regulating process where the biological system of the…

Q: Describe the very basic somatic innervation pattern of the back, trunk, and limbs.

A: Spinal NervesSpinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply the rest of the body.

Q: Define attenuation

A: An operon is a functional unit of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) containing a cluster of genes under…

Q: describe the two factors affecting action potential speed

A: The functional and the structural unit of the nervous system are termed as neurons. The neuron…

Q: What determines whether optogenetic stimulation excites a neuron or inhibits it?

A: The genetic technique in which the researcher can stimulate or terminate the neuron activity using…

Q: Why can a greater-than-normal stimulus trigger an AP during the relative refractory period but not…

A: Our brain sends and receives information in the form of electrical signals. These electrical signals…

Q: Explain how the loop of Henle creates aconcentration gradient from the cortex to the medulla.

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Q: What is the pituitary considered in this system: stimulus, sensor, control center, or effector?…

A: The pituitary is the most important gland in our body and it is also known as the master endocrine…

Q: Please help Why does TTX reduce the response caused by nerve stimulation and also the

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Q: When a person is cognitively aroused, neurons are desynchronized in their firing as they carry out…

A: Neuronal synchronization is defined as correlated appearance in time of two or more events…

Q: Place the steps in the propagation of nerve impulses in the correct order.

A: Introduction: Nerve impulse is also called as "ACTION POTENTIAL".  Action potential can be defined…

Q: Negative feedback Receptor Effector Departure from Return to resting level Resting level Further…

A: Ans. Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of equilibrium or stability around the system. Adjustment…

Q: Describe events that occur when the propagated action potential reaches the transmissive segment.

A: Action potential occurs when there is a difference in electric potential between interior and…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true regarding the changes that occur during an action potential.…

A: An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of specific cell location rapidly rises and…

Q: What determines the maximum rate of Action Potential firing?

A: The action potential is created when the membrane potential in a neuron accidentally rises and…

Q: Define Refractory period and differentiate between Absolute refractory and relative refractory…

A: The action potential is a difference in concentration of Sodium (Na+) ions and Potassium (K+) ions…

Q: Describe the differences between cooperative effects and antagonistic effects in dual innervation of…

A: It is related to the nervous system.

Q: Which produces the most action potentials: a prolonged threshold stimulus ora prolonged,…

A: The power of action is usually initiated by postsynaptic excitatory skills arising from the…

Q: Describe the difference between the nerve and muscle in response to increasing stimulus voltage.

A: Introduction A nerve is a cable-like structure within the body composed of neurons that uses…

Q: As the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what brings the membrane down to the…

A: When the resting neuron receives a stimulus that is beyond the threshold, It reaches the peak of…