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Describe the differences between cooperative effects and antagonistic effects in dual innervation of target organs.
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- Explain synergistic vs antagonisticDescribe the basic pathway of parasympathetic innervation through cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves to the visceral organs.List the effects of sympathoadrenal stimulation on different effector organs. In each case, indicate whether the effect is due to alpha- or beta-receptor stimulation.
- Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation.Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.Describe the effect of parasympathetic innervation on each visceral organ innervated by the division of the ANS, especially the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia.
- Which choice below correctly matches the effector to the effects of sympathetic stimulation? pupils of the eye --> dilates pupils lungs --> constricts air passages heart --> decreases heart rate stomach --> increases activity of stomach urinary bladder --> stimulates urinationList potential signs and symptoms of impaired intracranial regulation in a patient.