Define the following terms: a. lecithin b. phosphatidylcholine c. cardiolipin d. GPI anchors e. respiratory distress syndrome

Q: Give two examples of neuroplasticity following anti-depressant treatment -- one that is based on…

A: Depression is a mood disorder that affects mental health. It is characterized by loss of interest in…

Q: Does baclofen cross blood-brain-barrier or not? What is a major clinical application for baclofen?

A: Semipermeable membrane made up of endothelial cells is known as The blood-brain barrier (BBB). This…

Q: Why do many cold medications contain an alpha-adrenergic agonist and atropine (belladonna)?

A: Cold medications contain an alpha andregonic agonist and atropine.

Q: neuron

A: An action potential is triggered by a graded potential that causes the membrane to depolarize until…

Q: A. What is another word (other than “white matter”) for the structure or type of cells that are…

A: The term 'multiple sclerosis' means the presence of scar tissue in multiple locations. This…

Q: What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?a. They both are…

A: The nervous system is a complex system of nerves and specialised cells known as neurons. The nervous…

Q: Which of the following statements is false? a. The sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine…

A: The sympathetic nervous system works in stress and parasympathetic in nonstress conditions.

Q: Receptors for serotonin and many other neurotransmitters (a) are voltage-activated ion channels (b)…

A: Neurotransmitters like serotonin are responsible for the conduction of the impulses across the…

Q: Activation of PKC in the direct perforant pathway leads to which effect? a. insertion of new AMPA…

A: Protein kinase C is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in  controlling the…

Q: Recognize the examples given for each of the four categories of neurotransmitter

A: Neurotransmitters are the group of chemical agents that can transmit signals between the nervous…

Q: Like many neurotransmitters, serotonin (5-HT) can have different postsynaptic effects on different…

A: 1 ) Answer is option A.  There are several types of postsynaptic receptors for serotonin.

Q: A fight-or-flight response in the body is controlled by thea. sympathetic division of the nervous…

A: The nervous system is highly complex among different organ systems in animals. By transmitting…

Q: Explain the use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

A: Acetylcholine is the first neurotransmitter identified, it is a small- molecule excitatory…

Q: A neurotransmitter called "GABA" decreases the rate of action potential generation in neurons, but…

A: Alcohol binds to the GABA receptor and it decreases the generation of the rate of the action…

Q: Which statement is TRUE about the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?   It protects the brain.  It protects…

A: Central nervous system is composed of mainly brain and spinal cord.CNS helps in integration of…

Q: Select ALL statements that are TRUE regarding a drug that would inactivate the enzyme…

A: A drug that inactivates the enzyme called acetylcholinesterase is known as Acetylcholinesterase…

Q: Define the term beta-adrenergic receptor blocker?

A: The endocrine system consisting of a series of glands, responsible for the production of hormones…

Q: Which second messenger system is used with beta-1 adrenergic receptors? A. cyclic AMP B. ATP C.…

A: Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that are present in the heart.

Q: Name and discuss the function of 2 common neurotransmitters.

A: The neurotransmitter is a type of chemical messengers that send signals across a chemical synapse,…

Q: Muscarinic receptors binda. epinephrine.b. norepinephrine.c. acetylcholine.d. cholinesterase.e.…

A: Receptors are proteins generally cell surface receptors. These bind to ligands and generate a…

Q: Match the names of the cells in column B with the function they perform, shown in column A.Column A…

A: The central nervous system can be defined as the type of organ system which includes nerves, the…

Q: Name two ways by which neurotransmitter can be eliminated

A: The synapse must be cleared before synaptic transmission may occur.

Q: Calcium channel-blocking drugs are sometimes given to patients with heart problems. If a patient is…

A: We know that Calcium channel blockers are a group of antihypertensive drugs, which disrupt the…

Q: types, location of release and function of any neurotransmitters?

A: There are several neurotransmitters in the human nervous system (more than 40).  Neurotransmitter-…

Q: if you were to develop a drug that target calcium channels to treat epilepsy, would the drug be  an…

A: Epilepsy is a paroxysmal event characterised by abnormal, excessive synchronous neuronal discharges.…

Q: You give a drug intravenously that you think is a selective beta 1 receptor agonist to a patient.…

A: Beta 1 receptor agonists,also called as beta adrenergic receptor agonists are drugs that act on the…

Q: Give an example of a drug that acts as an agonist for acetylcholine receptors and one that acts as…

A: An agonist is a molecule or drug that mimics the actual substrate and helps in activating the…

Q: Define the following terms: a. PTGS b. COX c. nociceptors d. lock-and-key model e. induced-fit model

A: Genetic and biochemical evidences show that co-suppression, antisense-mediated gene silencing, RNA…

Q: Which of the following statements about α-adrenergic receptor is CORRECT? Select one: a. Activation…

A: Adrenergic receptors or adrenoreceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are the…

Q: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that provides for communication between muscles and nerves. When…

A: The acetylcholine is present throughout the nervous system and it is the only neurotransmitter that…

Q: Which underlying cause is most associated with the development of epileptic seizures? a.…

A: A seizure occurs as a result of a disturbance in the electrical impulses in the brain. It alters the…

Q: Sympathetic stimulation to lung tissue A. Causes activation of beta2 receptors which contract…

A: Sympathetic nerve stimulation produced an active increase in vascular resistance in the pulmonary…

Q: . Thiamine deficiency does not cause: a. Wernicke encephalopathy b. Peripheral neuropathy c. Magenta…

A: Thiamine , also known as vitamin B1 , helps the body to produce energy from carbohydrates , also…

Q: Alpha adrenergic antagonists compete with endogenous catecholamines for binding at alpha- 1 and…

A: Adrenergic receptor blockers are used to treat hypertension as these drugs block the…

Q: What is the mechanism of organophosphate toxicity? A. Interference with the vesicle fusion process…

A: Organophosphates are the class of organophosphorus compounds that have the general structure…

Q: What is the direct effect (prior to any reflex compensation) of administering intravenously a…

A: An autonomic nervous system acts as on/off site which have a control over sympathetic and…

Q: What is acetylcholinesterase? Describe its action.

A: Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme. Enzymes either degrade or synthesize products using various…

Q: How would the effects differ between a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and one…

A: Drug can inhibit or block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Q: Drugs that block acetylcholinesterase activity may result in A. An increase in neuronal inhibition…

A: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the drugs that are capable of blocking the breakdown of…

Q: Post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors are blocked by   A.Calcium ions B.Atropine  C.Nerve gases…

A: Acetylcholine is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system that controls the…

Q: What are the synaptic effects of glycine? a. It directly stimulates glutamate receptors. b. It…

A: Glycine is an amino acid that functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (inhibits the excitation…

Q: What is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor? Where is it expressed?

A: Introduction : Nicotinic  acetylcholine receptor is a receptor which responds to the…

Q: Define the term acetylcholinesterase?

A: Biology terms are fundamental concepts and terms used in biology, which is the study of life and…

Q: Define the term Acetylcholine?

A: Synapse is the region where the conduction of nerve impulses from one neuron to another neuron…

Q: List three cell types that might receive a message transmitted by a neurotransmitter.

A: The chemical messengers which transmits message or signals through a neuron are known as…

Emotions

Emotions are biologically based psychological conditions caused by neurophysiological changes which are linked to different factors such as thoughts, emotions, behavioral responses, and pleasure or displeasure. These emotions are not similar to moods. The mood is an affective state. Mood depends upon several factors, such as weather, the environment, physiology, etc. Emotions can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the situation. Emotional reactions are simple. Emotional well-being is strongly affected by our well-being, and such feelings are private.