Does baclofen cross blood-brain-barrier or not? What is a major clinical application for baclofen?

Q: What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar lead

A: There are electric currents which are generated by the heart measured by an Electro-Cardiogram(ECG)…

Q: Give two examples of neuroplasticity following anti-depressant treatment -- one that is based on…

A: Depression is a mood disorder that affects mental health. It is characterized by loss of interest in…

Q: Why do many cold medications contain an alpha-adrenergic agonist and atropine (belladonna)?

A: Cold medications contain an alpha andregonic agonist and atropine.

Q: Explain what is meant by the blood-brain barrier. Describe its structure and discuss its clinical…

A: An network of veins and tissue that is comprised of firmly divided cells and helps shield…

Q: How is the blood-brain barrier formed?

A: Answer: Introduction: The blood vessels which vascularize the central nervous system (CNS) have…

Q: What are the effects of Neurotransmitters?

A: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a nerve cell to target cells.…

Q: Name the neurotransmitters employed by the ANS and define terms for neurons and synapses with…

A: The nervous system is one of the vital systems of a body. It is a system of nerves which carry…

Q: cholinergic agonists or antagonists?

A: It is a chemical compound of well-known structure that when given to an organism has a biological…

Q: What are preganglionic neurons?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  NERVOUS SYSTEM :- It is of two types namely Central nervous system (CNS) and…

Q: Define what is rhodopsin ?

A: The term rhodopsin is described as the bright red coloured photosensitive G-protein coupled receptor…

Q: What are beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-adrenoceptors)?

A: Receptors are usually proteins , which are present on the cell membrane, which binds to the ligand…

Q: Discuss Presynaptic factors?

A: Neurotransmitters can be defined as the chemical messengers that play the role in transmitting the…

Q: What are nicotinic receptors?

A: Receptors are the structures made up of proteins that are responsible for receiving and transducing…

Q: Give Presynaptic factors?

A: The process of relating to or denoting the nerve cell that will releases the transmitter substance…

Q: What is an alcohol component in cerebroside? inositol choline sphingosine glycerol ethanolamine

A: Lipids containing saccharide groups are called glycolipids, which constitute a major class of…

Q: What is the β adrenergic receptor? Where is it expressed?

A: Given: The β adrenergic receptor.

Q: In terms of neurotransmitters and receptors, explain why the two divisions of the ANS can have…

A: The brain is the central processing controlling unit of the body. Nervous coordination and signaling…

Q: What are the side effects of neurotransmitters?

A: Neurotransmitters are chemicals produced by our nervous system. It uses to communicate between…

Q: What is the function of serotonin?

A: Serotonin is a chemical molecule which also acts as a neurotransmitter. it passes information from…

Q: How does the blood-brain barrier protect nervous tissue?

A: The brain is the command centre of the body and the central organ of the nervous system. The brain…

Q: How do nimodipine and pentoxifylline work to increase blood flow to the eye and retard the…

A: Blood is a biological fluid that circulates within the blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients…

Q: How does CPAP work to treat OSA?

A: Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is major breathing disorder of sleeping .In this disorder,there are…

Q: Draw an ouline of the autonomic system and identify the neurotransmitters and receptors such as…

A: INTRODUCTION             The Autonomic nervous system is an parr that evolved in the pheriphera…

Q: What are neurotransmitters ? Why are they used ?

A: Biology words are terms and concepts that are used in the study of life and living things. It is…

Q: nicotinic receptors?

A: Answer :

Q: How does an increase in the CO2 concentration in theblood affect the pH of cerebrospinal fluid?

A: Cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) refers to the colorless fluid that is present in the brain and spinal…

Q: What are muscarinic receptors?

A: Receptors are chemical structures made up of proteins that collect and send signals that can be…

Q: What functional group interactions between the cate- cholamines and adrenoceptors are most likely?…

A: In physiology, catecholamines are defined as the hormones produced by adrenal glands and are…

Q: Explain what  is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker?

A: Drugs work by interacting with receptors on cell surfaces or enzymes that regulate the rate of…

Q: What functional group interactions between the cate- cholamines and adrenoceptors are most likely?

A: Answer: Introduction: Sympathetic or adrenergic receptors are of three types these including alpha,…

Q: Why muscarinic receptor antagonists are different from adrenergic beta-2-receptor agonists. What is…

A: Muscarinic receptor antagonist functions by blocking the cholinergic response. Adrenergic beta 2…

Q: What will be the elimination reaction of serotonin neurotransmitter?

A: Serotonin is the key hormone that stabilizes the mood, feelings of well being, and happiness. It…

Q: Can you use a beta-blocker for patients having a stage fright? Why or why not?

A: Beta blockers is a class of drugs mainly used to control blood pressure and other conditions. Fright…

Q: What is the function of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors?

A: Muscarinic receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors involved in the parasympathetic nervous system…

Q: How would the effects differ between a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and one…

A: Drug can inhibit or block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Q: What are the affinities of acetylcholine and nicotine for the nAChR? Are they nM? uM? How does the…

A: Nicotine-induced conformational changes of nAChRs. Nicotine, like ACh, is a nicotinic receptor…

Q: What are postganglionic neurons?

A: Cells are the primary and elemental part of living beings just like atoms for matters. The…

Q: Which chemicals cross the blood–brain barrier by active transport?

A: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens and other substances…

Q: What is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor? Where is it expressed?

A: Introduction : Nicotinic  acetylcholine receptor is a receptor which responds to the…

Q: What effect, if any, would smoking have on the nicotinic receptors of the ANS?

A: Smoking of the cigarette includes the smoking of nicotine. Nicotine is responsible for the…

Sleep Physiology

Sleep is a condition of reduced muscle movement in the body. Awareness about the surroundings is reduced at the time of sleep. The body stays mildly responsive or non-responsive to external stimuli. The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the circadian rhythm that produces a resting phase for the body.