Describe and explain the epidemiological evidence supporting the view that cancer develops through a multi-step process involving increasingly severe stages.
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Question 1. Describe and explain the epidemiological evidence supporting the view that cancer develops through a multi-step process involving increasingly severe stages..
Question 2. Describe and explain the genetic evidence supporting the view that cancer develops through a multi-step process involving increasingly severe stages.
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- Discuss how genetic tests and tumor marker tests maybe used to prevent cancer.The chapter points out that about one of every five women and one of every four men in the United States will die from cancer. Why are rates of death from cancer different in men and women? Provide some possible explanations.Answer the following multiple-choice questions about cancer-promoting mutations. A gene whose mutant alleles function in a recessive way to predispose an individual’s cells to develop into cancer is called: A. a polymerase B. a proto-oncogene C. a tumor suppressor D. an oncogene EXPLAIN in 1-2 sentences:
- If improved diagnostic tests are developed from this project, is the effort worth it if the cancers diagnosed have no treatment available?1. "What genetic material was used in this research?" 2. How does the completion of this research advance the treatment of cancer? in typed pleaseSkin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.
- Discussion: (1 or 2 paragraphs with your own opinion like how Circulating Tumor DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection technology can be early detector of cancer)Please discuss the difference between cancers caused by tumor viruses and cancers caused by oncogenes. Does the etiology of a cancer influence its manifestation?The chapter points out that about one of every five women and one of every four men in the United States will die from cancer. Why arerates of death from cancer different in men and women? Provide some possible explanations. 3. A couple has one child with bilateral retinoblastoma. The mother is free from cancer, but the father has unilateral retinoblastoma and he has a brother who has bilateral retinoblastoma. a. If the couple has another child, what is the probability that this next child will have retinoblastoma? b. If the next child has retinoblastoma, is it likely to be bilateral or unilateral? c. Explain why the father’s case of retinoblastoma is unilateral, whereas his son’s and brother’s cases are bilateral
- Answer and explain your choice to the following multiple-choice questions about cancer-promoting mutations. The ABC gene undergoes multiple gene duplication events, producing multiple copies of this gene in the genome. This gene duplication event is associated with cancer. What would best describe the normal function of ABC gene? Inhibit cell growth and division Oncogene Inhibit apoptosis Metabolic enzyme EXPLAIN in 1-2 sentences: A mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) causes it to send a positive signal along its intracellular signaling pathway, even without the EGF ligand bound to it. Knowing the function of a growth factor, how would you classify this mutation? an activating mutation in a tumor suppressor gene an activating mutation in a proto-oncogene a loss of function mutation in a tumor suppressor gene a loss of function mutation in a proto-oncogene EXPLAIN in 1-2 sentences: In an otherwise normal cell, what would be the immediate result of a…A 6-year old Caucasian girl from northern Europe, with a family history of melanoma, has recently relocated with her family to a small town near Brisbane, Australia. Discuss the environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that could determine the girl’s susceptibility to cancer. Include in your answer how these factors can produce chromosomal or genetic alterations and the genetic steps that would result in metastatic melanoma, focusing on the classes of cancer genes involved in these processesname any two methods that can possibly cure cancer .