Describe regulatory mechanisms for each of the following levels. Give at least on example for each level: (1) DNA, (2) transcription, (3) translation, and (4) post-translation

Q: Discuss the role of GTP in the functioning of translationfactors.

A: Introduction GTP is defined as an energy-rich kind of nucleotide that is analogous to a molecule of…

Q: Define the term messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A: Transcription and translation are 2 steps involved in processing of DNA to proteins. RNA molecule is…

Q: Describe the basic steps of translation?

A: The central dogma of cell is, DNA getting transcribed into mRNA and the mRNA getting translated into…

Q: List and explain the steps of transcription

A: Initiation, promoter clearing, elongation, and termination are the four main stages of…

Q: Describe the three stages of transcription?

A: Introduction :  Synthesis of mRNA by using  DNA as a template strand  is known as transcription. It…

Q: Define the Transcriptional Control under the concept of DNA ? What are Transcription factors ?

A: Transcription is the first of a few stages of DNA based gene expression in which a specific fragment…

Q: Explain Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Repression and Activation.

A: MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION : during transcription , a DNA molecule is copied into RNA…

Q: Give some points about the flow of information during translation?

A: Translation is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA (Messenger ribonucleic acid) with the help…

Q: Briefly describe transcription?with example.

A: The term DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the most important…

Q: define

A: Introduction:-  Transcription and translation are processes a cell uses to make all proteins the…

Q: Define transcription unit.

A: Transcription unit is a stretch of DNA that encodes a single RNA molecule and other sequences…

Q: Define cis-regulatory element

A: Genes are the basic biological unit of heredity. They are a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)…

Q: List two similarities and two differences between bacterial and eukaryotic regulatory proteins

A: The prokaryotic cells can only regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of transcription…

Q: Define about steady-state level of an mRNA ?

A: Answer- The mRNA is produced by the process of transcription reaction that happens in the nucleus of…

Q: Describe the processes of transcription, translation, and post-transcriptional processing.

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other…

Q: Define translation process?

A: All the living cells are made up of protein, which acts as building blocks for every organism. These…

Q: Define transcription-coupled repair.

A: Transcription coupled repair is a subpathway. Here we will know about the definition of…

Q: Explain the functions of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Related Molecules.

A: Introduction  Proteins are the essential biomolecules which plays a diverse role. Almost all…

Q: What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the ER in a protein-secreting cell?

A: A cell is the functional unit of life. It is a membrane-bound structure and consists of a cell…

Q: What serves as the controlled factors (give three factors), dependent variable and independent…

A: Nucleic acids are involved in various processes in the cell, and their main role is the expression…

Q: Describe the process of transcription.

A: The method of copying a part of DNA into RNA is known as transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is made…

Q: Describe transcription, including the processes of initiation, elongation, and termination.

A: Transcription is one of the processes in central dogma in which information of DNA transcribed into…

Q: Define Ubiquitin-Mediated Protein Degradation ?

A: Introduction  Proteins are the essential biomolecules which plays a diverse role. Almost all…

Q: During transcription, what does messenger RNA do?

A: Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA. The genetic information from DNA is…

Q: Some transcription factors contain bromodomains. Explain the function of the bromodomain?

A: Transcription factors are responsible for intiating the transcription process. The transcript…

Q: Describe the similarities and differences between hnRNA and mRNA

A: hnRNA Heterogeneous atomic RNA or pre-mRNA is the RNA recently shaped from the format DNA strand. It…

Q: Define about cis-acting regulatory element ?

A: Genes are generally referred to as the basic unit of heredity. They are a part of DNA, and are…

Q: Which enzymes catalyze the chain elongation steps during replication, transcription and translation,…

A: The enzymes that catalyze the chain elongation steps during replication are as follows: DNA…

Q: Relate the major events of transcription.

A: Transcription is the process of synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from structural genes in DNA…

Q: Define the three types of regulation involving RNA ?

A: Introduction: Gene regulation is the process of controlling the expression of genes by varying the…

Q: describe mRNA splicing

A: Introduction: Copying of DNA to mRNA is a process called transcription. Post-transcriptional events…

Q: Define the role of mRNA localization and translational control ?

A: mRNA Localization (is a multi-step process). The pre-mRNA is bound by RNA binding proteins (blue…

Q: Describe the process of transcription.  Also, what is the relationship between a “gene” and…

A: Gene:- A gene is a part of DNA that codes for a particular protein. DNA is the information database…

Q: Briefly describe translation?with examples.

A: Genetic information of an organism is secured in the DNA (or RNA, in certain viruses). It may be…

Q: 46.Describe briefly the functions of the three types of RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA) in protein…

A: Transcription the process of making RNA copy from DNA. Translation is the process of making proteins…

Q: Describe the initiation of transcription listing all the transcription factors involved and their…

A: Introduction  The process of making RNA from DNA with the help of enzymes and proteins is known as…

Q: Explain fully the ubiquitin proteosome system

A: Proteosome is the protein complex that can degrade unwanted or damaged proteins by the process of…

Q: What role do the initiation factors play in protein synthesis?

A: Protein synthesis is the process in which the protein is being produced by RNA through translation.…

Q: Define the advantage of closed-loop translation ?

A: The process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino…

Q: Signal transduction pathway. Sketch a G protein in the active and inactive stages, and label its…

A: Signal transduction can be defined as the process by which physical/chemical signals are transmitted…

Q: Describe the steps of translation initiation,elongation, and termination.

A: Introduction:- The process of forming a polypeptide chain from mRNA codons is known as translation…

Q: Define the general features of the model of translation ?

A: After the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the nucleus of the cell, ribosomes in the…

Q: The nuclear import of proteins larger than 40 kDa requires the presence of what amino acid sequence?…

A: The nuclear envelop of all eukaryotes is perforated by a large structure known as the nuclear pore…

Q: Explain how a typical ligand is secreted starting from the time the ribosome starts translating the…

A: The ligand is a cell signalling molecule that is responsible for the cell signalling process.…

Genomics

Genes are responsible for transmitting the characters located on the chromosomes from one individual to another across the generations. Genetics is the study of different genes that are involved in different functions. Genetics is a branch of biology that studies genes, genetic diversity, and heredity in living organisms. The genetic system consists of genetic notations, which is a system of signs and symbols. Genotype refers to the organism's genetic composition, and phenotype refers to the observable property of the organism.