Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff for theoutermost electrons in Na and K atoms is 2.51+ and 3.49+,respectively. (a) What value do you estimate for Zeff experiencedby the outermost electron in both Na and K byassuming core electrons contribute 1.00 and valence electronscontribute 0.00 to the screening constant? (b) Whatvalues do you estimate for Zeff using Slater’s rules? (c) Whichapproach gives a more accurate estimate of Zeff? (d) Doeseither method of approximation account for the gradualincrease in Zeff that occurs upon moving down a group?(e) Predict Zeff for the outermost electrons in the Rb atombased on the calculations for Na and K.

Spectroscopic studies show that Na can have electrons in its 1s, 2s, 2p, and 3s Hartree orbitals, and that Zeff(3s)=1.84 . Using data from Problem 13, compare the energies of the Na 3s orbital, the Li 2s orbital, and the H 1s orbital.

The outermost electron in an alkali-metal atom is sometimes described as resembling an electron in the corresponding state of a one-electron atom. Compare the first ionization energy of lithium with the binding energy of a 2s electron in a one-electron atom that has nuclear charge Zeff , and determine the value of Zeff that is necessary for the two energies to agree. Repeat the calculation for the 3s electron of sodium and the 4s electron of potassium.

Until recently, it was thought that Ca was unstable, and that the Ca atom therefore had a negative electron affinity. Some new experiments have now measured an electron affinity of +2.0kJmol1 for calcium. What is the longest wavelength of light that could remove an electron from Ca ? In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does this light fall?

Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff for theoutermost electrons in Na and K atoms is 2.51+ and 3.49+,respectively. (a) What value do you estimate for Zeff experiencedby the outermost electron in both Na and K byassuming core electrons contribute 1.00 and valence electronscontribute 0.00 to the screening constant? (b) Whatvalues do you estimate for Zeff using Slater’s rules? (c) Whichapproach gives a more accurate estimate of Zeff? (d) Doeseither method of approximation account for the gradualincrease in Zeff that occurs upon moving down a group?(e) Predict Zeff for the outermost electrons in the Rb atombased on the calculations for Na and K.

Silver and rubidium both form +1 ions, but silver is far lessreactive. Suggest an explanation, taking into account theground-state electron configurations of these elements andtheir atomic radii.

Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion assuming that an atoms core ekectirns are perfect at screening nuclear charge, what is the effective nuclear charge experience by the 4S valance electron of calcium?

Note from the following table that there is a significant increasein atomic radius upon moving from Y to La, whereasthe radii of Zr to Hf are the same. Suggest an explanation forthis effect.

Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff for the outermostelectrons in Si and Cl atoms is 4.29+ and 6.12+, respectively.(a) What value do you estimate for Zeff experienced bythe outermost electron in both Si and Cl by assuming coreelectrons contribute 1.00 and valence electrons contribute0.00 to the screening constant? (b) What values do you estimatefor Zeff using Slater’s rules? (c) Which approach gives amore accurate estimate of Zeff? (d) Which method of approximationmore accurately accounts for the steady increase inZeff that occurs upon moving left to right across a period?(e) Predict Zeff for a valence electron in P, phosphorus, basedon the calculations for Si and Cl.

Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff for the outermost electrons in Si and Cl atoms is 4.29+and 6.12+, respectively. Predict Zeff for a valence electron in P, phosphorus, based on Slater's rule calculations for Si and Cl.