Determine the water cement ratio ?
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- What is the effect of water–cement ratio on the permeability of hardened concrete? How does permeability affect the durability of the concrete structure?Using Figure 7.33, what is the approximate percent increase in the coefficientof permeability if the water–cement ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.6? Using thesame figure, what is the approximate percent increase in the coefficient ofpermeability if the water–cement ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.7?Design the concrete mix according to the following conditions:Design EnvironmentBuilding frameRequired design strength = 27.6 MPaMinimum dimension = 150 mmMinimum space between rebar = 40 mmMinimum cover over rebar = 40 mmStatistical data indicate a standard deviation of compressive strength of2.1 MPa is expected (more than 30 samples).Only air entrainer is allowed.Available MaterialsAir entrainer: Manufacture specification 6.3 mL/1% air/100 kg cement.Coarse aggregate: 19 mm nominal maximum size, river gravel (rounded)Bulk oven-dry specific gravity = 2.55, absorption = 3.6,Oven-dry rodded density = 1761 kg/m3Moisture content = 2.5,Fine aggregate: Natural sandBulk oven-dry specific gravity = 2.659, absorption = 0.5,Moisture content = 2,Fineness modulus = 2.47Three batches of concrete were prepared using the same materials and ingredients, except that they have water–cement ratios of 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60,respectively. The following tests were performed on specimens made of thethree batches:■ Compressive strength test on 100 mm * 200 mm cylinders■ Center-point flexure test on 100 mm * 100 mm * 300 mm beams■ Split tension test on 150 mm * 300 mm cylindersThree replicates were tested for each test. Table P7.38 shows the average failure loads for the three replicates of each case.It is required to do the following:a. Complete Table P7.38b. Using an Excel sheet, plot the relationships between water–cement ratioand compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and tensile strength on thesame graph. Label all axes and curves.c. Comment on the effect of water–cement ratio on the compressive strength,modulus of rupture, and tensile strength.
- The moisture content of coarse aggregate is 0.60%. If the mass of the aggregate is 1,290 kg, adjust the mass of the aggregate. If the volume of sand is 0.30 cubic meter and its specific gravity is 1.50, what is the mass of the sand? If the mass of mixing water is 175 kg, and the required water-cement ratio is 0.65, how much cement powder is needed in the concrete mix? If the target slump of concrete is 160 mm, the maximum nominal size of the coarse aggregate is 37.5 mm, and the smallest nominal size is 9.5 mm, what is the estimated entrapped air in the ordinary concrete mix? The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate is 25mm, the fineness modulus of coarse aggregates is 2.80, dry rodded mass of coarse aggregates is 1,100 kg and the fineness modulus of fine aggregates is 2.50. How much coarse aggregates is needed in the concrete mix? If the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregates is 25mm, what is the first estimate of air-entrained concrete?Three 150 mm * 300 mm concrete cylinders with water to cement ratios of0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, respectively. After curing for 28 days, the specimens weresubjected to increments of compressive loads until failure. The load versusdeformation results were as shown in Table P7.26. Assuming that the gauge length is the whole specimen height, it is required todo the following:a. The compressive stresses and strains for each specimen at each loadincrement.b. Plot stresses versus strains for all specimens on one graph.c. The ultimate strength for each specimen.d. The modulus of elasticity as the secant modulus at 40% of the ultimatestress for each specimen.e. The strain at failure for each specimen.f. The toughness for each specimen.g. Comment on the effect of increasing the water–cement ratio on thefollowing:i. Ultimate strengthii. Modulus of elasticityiii. Ductilityiv. Toughness. Curves may be approximated with a series of straight lines.A concrete masonry unit has actual gross dimensions of 7@5/8′′ * 7@5/8′′ *7@5/8′′. The unit is tested in a compression machine with the following results:Maximum failure load = 83 kipsNet volume = 312.7 in.3a. Is the unit categorized as solid or hollow? Why?b. Calculate the gross area compressive strength.c. Calculate the net area compressive strength.
- You are assigned to monitor the concrete strength gain at a construction site. The ultimate compressive strength of the concrete at its full maturity is 450 kg/m. The average concrete temperature at the construction site is 25 °C during the day and 15 °C during the night (assuming 12-hour day/night cycles). If you assume that the datum temperature (To) is - 10 °C, estimate the strength of concrete after 14 days. (4=35, B=51)Maturity Index, M = E(T - To).A hollow concrete masonry unit has actual gross dimensions of 190 mm X190 mm X 390 mm (width X height X length). The unit is tested in a compression machine with the following results:Failure Load = 1110 kNNet volume of 6 X 106 mm3a. Calculate the gross area compressive strength.b. Calculate the net area compressive strength.It has been determined by trial mixing that a 1:1½:3 mixture (by volume) with 5 gal water per sack of cement produces a satisfactory mixture of concrete with a 2-in slump. What quantity of mixed concrete in cubic feet will a barrel of cement produce if the following is known about cement, sand and stone aggregate? Voids Unit weight,lb Cement 0.513 94 Sand 0.360 120 Stone 0.330 105 A. 16.51 ft³B. 17.25 ft³C. 17.80 ft³D. 18.35 ft³
- 150 mm * 300 mm concrete cylinders were made of the same batch and sepa- rated at random to six equal groups. The six groups of cylinders were sub- merged in water for different times before testing for compressive strength and the results are shown in Table P7.39. It is required to do the following: a. Determine the compressive strength at different curing times. b. Using an Excel sheet, plot the relationship between curing time and compressive strength. Label all axes and curves. c. Comment on the effect of curing time on the compressive strength. d. What is the approximate ratio between the compressive strengths at 7 days and 28 days? e. What is the approximate ratio between the compressive strengths at 28 days and 180 days?Three batches of concrete were prepared using the same materials and ingre-dients, except that they have water–cement ratios of 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60,respectively. The following tests were performed on specimens made of thethree batches:■ Compressive strength test on 4′′ * 8′′ cylinders■ Center-point flexure test on 4′′ * 4′′ * 12′′ beams■ Split tension test on 6′′ * 12′′ cylindersThree replicates were tested for each test. Table shows the average failure loads for the three replicates of each case.It is required to do the following:a. Complete Tableb. Using an Excel sheet, plot the relationships between water–cement ratio and compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and tensile strength on the same graph. Label all axes and curves.c. Comment on the effect of water–cement ratio on the compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and tensile strength.What is the effect of water–cement ratio on the permeability of hardened concrete? How does permeability affect the durability of the concrete structure?Using Figure , what is the approximate percent increase in the coefficient of permeability if the water–cement ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.6? Using the same figure, what is the approximate percent increase in the coefficient of permeability if the water–cement ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.7?