Discuss thoroughly two of the principles often used inevaluating tax policy: ability to pay (includehorizontal and vertical equity), and the benefits principle. Canthese principles typically be satisfied simultaneously? Why or why not? Provide an example of a tax policy orinstrument which primarily emphasizes the “ability-to-pay”principle and also an example which primarily emphasizes the“benefits” principle.
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- Being a legislative in nature, the power to tax may not be delegated excepta. To local governments or political subdivisionsb. When allowed by constitutionc. When delegation related merely to administrative implementation that may callfor some degree of discretionary powers under a set of sufficient standardsexpressed by law or implied from the policy and purpose of the act.d. All of the above Which theory in taxation states that without taxes, a government would be paralyzed forlack of power to activate and operate it, resulting in its destruction?a. Power to destroy theoryb. Lifeblood theoryc. Sumptuary theoryd. Symbiotic doctrineThe negative income tax has been proposed as a means The negative income tax has been proposed as a means of increasing both the efficiency and the equity of Canada’s tax system (see Applying Economic Concepts 18-1 on page 465). The most basic NIT can be described by two variables: the guaranteed annual income and the marginal tax rate. Suppose the guaranteed annual income is $8000 and the marginal tax rate on every dollar earned is 35 percent. With this NIT, after-tax income is given by After-tax income = 8000 + (1 – 0.35) X (Earned income) a. On a scale diagram with after-tax income on the vertical axis and earned income on the horizontal axis, draw the NIT relationship between earned income and after-tax income. b. What is the level of income at which taxes paid on earned income exactly equal the guaranteed annual income? c. The average tax rate is equal to total net taxes paid divided by earned income. Provide an algebraic expression for the average tax…1. Though the tax structure (i.e., the tax base and rates) has much to do with the equity effects of taxation, its administration could also strengthen or weaken its fairness. If the tax administrator practices discretion in the grant of deductions, there is a. Regressive equity b. Progressive equity c. Vertical equity d. Horizontal equity 2. The potential of the income tax as a tool to enhance the equity of the tax system brings to the fore the importance of designing the scheme of income taxation in accordance with acceptable norms and principles such as allocating costs or burdens to the people. This is known as the: a. Non-compensation or set-off b. The Lifeblood Doctrine c. Marshall doctrine d. Ability to pay approach3. An egalitarian society normally is prejudiced towards a tax system which puts a heavier burden on those who have the greater ability to pay. An equitable tax is taken as one which promotes the unequal tax treatment of unequals. The tax must be so…
- In a recent benefit-cost analysis of a proposed regulation that generated negative net benefits in the present but positive net benefits in the future, the government used a 5% social discount rate. If it had instead used a 3% social discount rate, the net present value of the policy would have been ______; if it had used an 8% social discount rate, the net present value would have been ______. Select one: a. lower; lower. b. lower; higher. c. higher; higher. d. higher; lower.Which principle states that taxes should be levied according to a taxpayer’s ability to pay?a) Benefit principleb) Horizontal equityc) Vertical equityd) Ability-to-pay principleExplain the concept and theory for the equity premium puzzle (EPP), and evaluate these behavioural explanations for EPP through experimental evidence
- 5 1 Planner’s Discounting Suppose that the planner discounts the utility of future generations at the common rate σ. How does the level of public debt decided by a government who aims to achieve the planners’ optimal is affected by different values of σ? Show the mathematical condition and provide economic intuition. (Hint: the optimal steady state we saw in class implicitly assumed that the planner was placing the same weight to all generations. You have to relax this assumption.)Accordingtothetextbook,whichofthefollowingstatementsis(are)correct? (x) When a taxpayer attempts to legally reduce her tax liability, she is engaging in “tax evasion” and when an individual fraudulently avoids paying taxing, she is engaging in “tax avoidance”. (y) One tax system is considered more efficient than another if it raises the same amount of tax revenue at a lower cost to taxpayers. (z) Part of the administrative burden of a tax is associated with the headache of filling out tax forms imposed on taxpayers who comply with the tax. (x), (y) and (z) (x) and (y) only (x) and (z) only (y) and (z) only (x) onlyIf there is a conflict between the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) vs. Tax Laws, which one prevails in taxation? Discuss.
- Which of the following taxation systems does not conform to the idea of vertical equity? Select one: a.A flat tax where every dollar of income is taxed at 25 percent. b.A progressive tax system. c.GST. d.A poll tax where every taxpayer pays an identical lump sum amount of $10,000 in tax.Adam Smith proposed taxing ‘Sugar, rum and tobacco’ because they are: “nowhere necessaries of life” “objects of almost universal consumption” In consumer theory economics, what is the difference between a necessity and a luxury good. What is the likely difference in the tax revenue obtained from a tax imposed on a necessity versus a luxury good? Explain and illustrate with appropriate figures. Question Requirements: Identify the difference between a necessity and luxury and provide an example. Highlight ability to identify the link of this definition to tax revenue. Highlight ability to encapsulate this concept precisely using correctly drawn figure.1. Determine burden of the tax under different demand conditions (i.e., when demand is D 1 andwhen demand is D 2 ). Who gets most of the burden of the tax under different demandconditions?2. Prove that the increase (or change) in the price is dependent on the elasticity of demandand supply, under different demand conditions (i.e., when demand is D 1 and when demandis D 2 ).3. What tax revenue is expected by the government if the demand for cigarettes is D 1 ? Is D 2 ?