Each adenylyl cyclase molecule produces many cAMP molecules in an example of (a) receptor up-regulation (b) receptor down-regulation (c) signal amplification (d) scaffolding (e) similarities produced by evolution
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Each adenylyl cyclase molecule produces many cAMP molecules in an example of (a) receptor up-regulation (b) receptor down-regulation (c) signal amplification (d) scaffolding (e) similarities produced by evolution
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- What is signal transduction? Illustrate and describe the molecular events in signal transduction pathways involving 1) G-protein-coupled receptors and 2) enzyme linked receptors.Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?Name three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Name one difference with respect to the enzyme activity of these receptors.
- Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Why have G proteins not evolved to catalyze GTP hydrolysis more efficiently?You decide to investigate cell signaling of a pair of newly identified GPCRs, GPCR-W and GPCR-Z. Each binds the same ligand, but activates different downstream heterotrimeric G-proteins that act on adenylyl cyclase. You discover that ligand binding has opposite effects on adenylyl cyclase activity for each receptor. GPCR-W causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, while GPCR-Z causes a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. You obtain a cell line expressing GPCR-W, GPCR-Z, the relevant G-proteins, and adenylyl cyclase. There is baseline adenylyl cyclase activity producing a baseline amount of cAMP. You embark on a research project to characterize the following mutations in the components of the signaling pathway. 2. Will each of the following mutations increase or decrease the levels of cAMP inside the cell upon adding the ligand to the cell culture? A mutation in GPCR-W that prevents G-protein activation? A mutation in GPCR-Z that prevents G-protein activation? A mutation in…You decide to investigate cell signaling of a pair of newly identified GPCRs, GPCR-W and GPCR-Z. Each binds the same ligand, but activates different downstream heterotrimeric G-proteins that act on adenylyl cyclase. You discover that ligand binding has opposite effects on adenylyl cyclase activity for each receptor. GPCR-W causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, while GPCR-Z causes a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. You obtain a cell line expressing GPCR-W, GPCR-Z, the relevant G-proteins, and adenylyl cyclase. There is baseline adenylyl cyclase activity producing a baseline amount of cAMP. You embark on a research project to characterize the following mutations in the components of the signaling pathway. 2. Will each of the following mutations increase or decrease the levels of cAMP inside the cell upon adding the ligand to the cell culture? A mutation in Gi that prevents release of bound GDP. A mutation in Gs that prevents GTP hydrolysis. A mutation in Gi that…
- What are the advantages of having an enzyme (like adenylyl cyclase) involved in the initial response to receptor activation by a first messenger?The hypothesis for the experiment shown in the picture is that the TamC3 and TamR3 cell lines function, and grow the absence of estrogen, receptor function. Reduced reliance on estrogen, receptor signaling alters mTOR pathway activity. If this hypothesis is true, then mediators of mTOR signaling (Akt or p70S6K) should have reduced levels of phosphorylation. Where would you look to see this? Why does the data in the picture not support the hypothesis?We saw that GPCRs have a basal level of constitutive activity. Not all receptors do. Why might having this constitutive activity be a benefit to the cells?