Electric cars (ECS) are an important part of meeting global goals on climate change ECs have emissions up to 33% lower than diesel cars. However, In Europe, electric cars account for only 0 65% of all new sales in 2020 Suppose the marketfor ECs is perfectly competitive. The market demand for ECs is given by p= 15 - 20 and the market supply for ECsis given by p 4Q The marginal social benefit of adopting ECs is given by p = 15-Q To encourage the purchase of ECs, the government decides to subsidise the consumers The optimal level of subsidy is %3D for the market to reach a socially optimal equilibrium.
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- The Chief Medical Officer has advised the government that consumption of widget-corn improves the survival rate of COVID-19 by 20%. Suppose the supply and demand functions for widget-corn are:QD = 100 – 5P (1)QS = 5P. (2)P is the price in dollar and Q is the quantity in kilograms.a. Determine the market equilibrium price and quantity of widget-corn? Calculate the consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total economic surplus at the market equilibrium. Having confirmed the positive impact of widget-corn consumption on COVID-19 patients, the government has ordered widget-corn sellers to charge $5 per kilogram.(i) What type of price regulation policy is this? Briefly explain. (ii) Calculate the impact of the policy on the quantity of widget-corn supplied and demanded. (iii) Explain the impact of the policy consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total economic surplus. (iv) Is the outcome of the government’s policy efficient and, therefore, maintained or abandoned? Explain in detail. d.…A group of researchers has estimated the marginal social benefits of improvements in soil fertility per acre to be: P = -1.25Q +20 The government is considering options for supporting farmers to improve soil fertility. The government can set a fee of either $7.50, $5, $2.00 or $0 on nitrogen fertilizers. The marginal cost of providing the program is constant at $5 per acre. • What is consumer surplus under each of the government pricing options? • What is the government revenue under each pricing scenario? • What is the cost to the government under each pricing scenario? • What is the government (producer) surplus under each of the pricing options? • What options maximize total social benefits? Explain your answer.The Chief Medical Officer has advised the government that consumption of widget-corn improves the survival rate of COVID-19 by 20%. Supposethe supply and demand functions for widget-corn are:QD = 100 – 5P (1)QS = 5P. (2) P is the price in dollar and Q is the quantity in kilograms.a. Determine the market equilibrium price and quantity of widget-corn? b. Calculate the consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total economic surplus at the market equilibrium. c. Having confirmed the positive impact of widget-corn consumption on COVID-19 patients, the government has ordered widget-cornsellers to charge $5 per kilogram.(i) What type of price regulation policy is this? Briefly explain. (ii) Calculate the impact of the policy on the quantity of widget-corn supplied and demanded. (iii) Explain the impact of the policy consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total economic surplus. (iv) Is the outcome of the government’s policy efficient and, therefore, maintained or abandoned? Explain in detail.…
- The market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=7P and Market Demand is given by Q=455-2P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced imposes a negative externality of $8. Implement theoptimal Pigouvian tax/subsidy that implements the efficient outcome.P = 500 - 4Q and the (inverse ) 2. Consider the market for automobiles Let the (inverse ) market demand function be market supply function be P = - 100 + 2Q Plot the demand and supply functions and show the market equilibrium Find the equilibrium output and price in this market and show it on your graph Consumption of automobiles (driving behavior of buyers) generate negative external effects on others in society because emissions associated with driving and any increase in the probability of automobile accidents (let us assume more cars on the road lead to a higher probability of automobile accidents). Assume that the marginal external loss/damage to society from the consumption of a car is worth $60. Using the information given above, construct the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost curves as necessary d. Now calculate the efficient number of cars that should be sold and bought in the market e. Identify the net efficiency loss to society from the market level of cars…The demand and supply functions for stylus pens are given by P = 100 - Q and P = 20 + 5Q, respectively.Now the government imposed a $10 per unit tax on stylus pens collected from sellers. What are themarket equilibrium price and quantity of stylus pens before imposing the tax? What are the marketequilibrium price and quantity of stylus pens after imposing the tax? What is the tax burden imposed onbuyers and sellers, respectively?
- The market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=6P and Market Demand is given by Q=499-2P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced imposes a negative externality of $8. What is the totalcost of the externality at the market equilibrium?Consider a competitive market for some commodity x in which some firms are polluters. Firm A: C(xA ) = 25xA and the environmental cost to society is E(xA ) = 15xA. Firm B: C(xB) = (1/10)x (xB x xB ) and the environmental cost to society is E(xB ) = 0. Assume initially that the market operates without any recognition of environmental costs. Both firms are price-takers. Determine for what prices Firm A will provide the good? Does it matter to firm A what quantity is supplied? Find the supply function for Firm B. Assume the market demand for the commodity is given by x(p)=40000/p 3. Find the competitive market equilibrium price and quantity using your answers in 1) and 2) when the firm supplies reflect their ability to compete at a given price. 4. Suppose a planner uses the representative consumer’s utility function, to find the socially optimal allocation of resources to the two firms. Choose (xA, xB, Y) to solve max U(x, y) = (40000)ln(X) + Y Subject to x= xA + xB, xA ≥ 0 xB…Y7 1- One Suppose P=8-0.2q in each of the two periods MC in each of the two periods =$4 Supply of the resource is 20 units a)Calculate the Dynamically efficient allocation of this depleted resource over the two periods if the discount rate is 10% b)Calculate marginal user cost in each period 2- Consider the inverse demand functions for two users of water A and B User A P=8-0.2 qA User B P=8-0.2 qB If the marginal cost of providing water is constant and equal to $2 and the supply of water is equal to 30 units, solve for the statically efficient allocation of water among the two users
- National Public Radio (NPR) is a public good. The cost (supply) of each "unit" of NPR is P=2. Derek's valuation for each unit of NPR (demand) is given by PD=10–Q, and Kim's valuation is given by PK=4–0.25Q.The total social valuation (demand) of NPR is PS=Answer-AnswerQ.The socially optimal amount of NPR is Answer units. Without intervention, the private market would lead to an Answer of NPR.Excessive consumption of soft drinks is positively correlated to the incidence of diabetes. Assume that the private total cost of production is PTC(Q)= Q^2 + 2Q.The social cost of soft drinks production is STC(Q)=11.5Q^2.The total benefit of soft drinks production is TB (Q)=50Q-Q^2.What quantity of soft drinks would be produced in a perfectly competitive market? What tax should the government impose to achieve the socially optimum quantity of soft drinks traded?Assume that the extraction of water from an aquifer by a coal mining company imposes a cost on farmers that grow citrus crops. Assume that the supply curve for coal is given by the following: p = 240 +2Q. Further, assume that the demand curve for coal is given by the following: p = 900 – 3Q. If the marginal external cost (MEC) of coal mining is equal to 0.5Q, which of the following is true? At the competitive equilibrium a deadweight loss of 396 occurs and a Pigouvian tax of 60 will lead to an efficient outcome. At the competitive equilibrium a deadweight loss of 792 occurs and a Pigouvian tax of 60 will lead to an efficient outcome. At the competitive equilibrium a deadweight loss of 396 occurs and a Pigouvian tax of 120 will lead to an efficient outcome. At the competitive equilibrium a deadweight loss of 792 occurs and a Pigouvian tax of 120 will lead to an efficient outcome. None of the above.