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- 1 a) What is meant by the ATP currency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than oxidation of mitochondrial NADH? b) If 12 H+ are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH oxidation, and each ATP synthesized requires 3 H+ to move through ATP synthase, why are only 3 ATP molecules produced by oxidation of each NADH?5. a) The cell creates molecules of NADH and FADH2to use in the electron transport chain as they are electron carrier molecules. The electron transfers from these moleculesdrives the movement of what molecule across the mitochondrial membrane?b) What is chemiosmosis?c) How does the cell use chemiosmosis to drive overcome the thermodynamic barrier of bringing phosphates close togehter to create ATP?d) What steps of oxidative phosphorylation are in the cytosol and which are in the mitochondria?e) Cellular respiration can be controlled at the post-translational level. What does this mean, using GLUT as an example? Why is post-translational control of GLUT evolutionarilyadaptive over transcriptional control?f) How does establishment of equillibria of various molecules control metabolic reactions? What are three ways high ATP in the cell control cellular respiration?g) Why are the enzymes controlling the initial steps of various biochemical pathways are targeted by allosteric control?Fill in the bold using the table. Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to L, when there is an excess of mitochondrial L, it converts to M using a TCA condensation reaction, M crosses to the cytosol using a designated transport system. In the cytosol, M reconverts to L and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is subsequently converted to malate with simultaneous production of N, a prerequisite cofactor for the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is then followed by conversion of N to pyruvate which produces O, a prerequisite cofactor for the fatty acid synthesis pathway. L M N O A. ATP pyruvate malate NADPH B. ATP citrate ATP NAD+ C. acetyl CoA pyruvate NAD+ NADH D. acetyl CoA citrate NAD+ NADPH E. glucose pyruvate malate NADP+
- In the Electron Transport Chain:(a). Upon the transfers, what is the final recipient of these electrons?(b). What is the compound obtained upon the completion of electron transportation?(c). What causes the changes in pH between the inner mitochondrial membrane during the electron transfer?Which of the following statements is true? A. The NADH dehydrogenase complex can pump more protons than can the cytochrome b-c1 complex. B. The pH in the mitochondrial matrix is higher than the pH in the intermembrane space. C. The proton concentration gradient and the membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane tend to work against each other in driving protons from the intermembrane space into the matrix. D. The difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane has a much larger effect than the membrane potential on the total proton-motive force.dentify a metabolic pathway associated with the enzymes localized in the mitochondrial matrix. a. the citric acid cycle b. the oxidative phosphorylation pathway c. the citric acid cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway d. none of these
- 4. If lots of acetyl-CoA is being formed in the mitochondrial matrix, a particular compound will be exported into the cytosol. a.What compound is this? b. What effect does this compound have on fatty acid synthesis? c. How does the compound produce this effect?Which of the following statements is NOT true about the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation? A. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the enzyme complexes to be soluble in the mitochondrial matrix. B. If the proton gradient is too high, electrons will not move through the ETC. C. The movement of electrons down the ETC only happens if protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. D. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the mitochondrial intermembrane space to be more positively charged than the matrix. E. The free energy of the proton gradient can be used to create high energy bonds.The mitochondrial membrane potential is an indicator of cell viability. Think about mitochondrial function and decide which of these statements best describes the mitochondrial membrane potential. a.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the outer mitochondrial membrane b.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the outer mitochondrial membrane c.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane d.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane
- 5.6. When animal cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and electron-transport chain, the cells: BIOCHEMISTRY_advanced a) are in the presence of one of these carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, lactose. b) are in aerobic conditions. c) produce two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) at every turn of Krebs cycle. d) produce ATP, thanks to a mitochondrial H+ gradient coupled to the electron-transport chain. e) require mitochondrial cytochrom C for ATP production downstream of the electron-transport chain.Given that malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase which of the following statements is TRUE? a. FADH2 results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. b. All electron transport is inhibited. c. Transfer of electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. d. Transfer of electrons from FADH2 to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. e. NADH results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. Clear my choiceWhich of the following statements is NOT true about the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation? (Only one answer applies) A. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the enzyme complexes to be soluble in the mitochondrial matrix. B. If the proton gradient is too high, electrons will not move through the ETC. C. The movement of electrons down the ETC only happens if protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. D. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the mitochondrial intermembrane space to be more positively charged than the matrix. E. The free energy of the proton gradient can be used to create high energy bonds.
