1. The pituitary gland is made of three lobes. The anterior lobe in larvae and young adults secretes the growth-stimulating hormones which in turn regulate growth and affects the function of the thyroid gland. In adults, it secretes the gonad stimulating hormone that is responsible for the release of ova and sperm from the ovary and testes, respectively. The intermediate lobe produces intermedin or the melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the behavior of the chromatophores in the skin. The posterior lobe secretes vasopressin or the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates water intake by the skin.

2. The pineal gland, located between the optic lobes and the anterior olfactory lobes, produces melatonin, a hormone that controls the Circadian rhythms and reproductive cycles.

3. The endocrine glands located outside the brain include the thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and the gonads (testes and ovaries). The thyroid gland, located behind the hyoid cartilage, produces the hormone thyroxine. It influences the general metabolism.

4. Just behind the stomach is the pancreas. It produces insulin and glucagon that regulate the blood sugar level. Special cell groups are known as the Islet of Langerhans produce these hormones.

5. Along the ventral surface of each kidney lies a thin, faint yellowish-brown line, the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine or adrenaline hormone. It causes increased blood pressure. The adrenal cortex produces a number of hormones like the glucocorticoids and some other steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids function with the general energy metabolism. The mineralocorticoids maintain electrolyte balance.

6. Ovaries and testes, the gonads of female and male toads respectively, are also endocrine glands. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and the testes produce testosterone. These hormones are called gonadal steroids responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics of females and males. How can you identify the sex of the toad?

7. Complete the table to these different endocrine glands and their primary functions.
Transcribed Image Text:Endocrine Gland Hormone Target Organ Principal Action(s) 1. Pituitary gland Example: a) Anterior lobe - Activates metabolic processes - Stimulates thyroid hormones for growth and development - Secretes progesterone - Stimulates growth of follicles - Promotes spermatogenesis Growth Muscle and Hormone bones b) Intermediate lobe Skin c) Posterior lobe Oxytocin Kidney 3. Thyroid gland Thyroxine 4. Pancreas Insulin Glucagon 5. Adrenal gland a) Adrenal medulla Epinephrine b) Adrenal cortex -Regulates water and electrolyte balance of the body -Promote carbohydrate and protein metabolism 6. Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone 7. Testes Testosterone

Question

1. The pituitary gland is made of three lobes. The anterior lobe in larvae and young adults secretes the growth-stimulating hormones which in turn regulate growth and affects the function of the thyroid gland. In adults, it secretes the gonad stimulating hormone that is responsible for the release of ova and sperm from the ovary and testes, respectively. The intermediate lobe produces intermedin or the melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the behavior of the chromatophores in the skin. The posterior lobe secretes vasopressin or the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates water intake by the skin.

2. The pineal gland, located between the optic lobes and the anterior olfactory lobes, produces melatonin, a hormone that controls the Circadian rhythms and reproductive cycles.

3. The endocrine glands located outside the brain include the thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and the gonads (testes and ovaries). The thyroid gland, located behind the hyoid cartilage, produces the hormone thyroxine. It influences the general metabolism.

4. Just behind the stomach is the pancreas. It produces insulin and glucagon that regulate the blood sugar level. Special cell groups are known as the Islet of Langerhans produce these hormones.

5. Along the ventral surface of each kidney lies a thin, faint yellowish-brown line, the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine or adrenaline hormone. It causes increased blood pressure. The adrenal cortex produces a number of hormones like the glucocorticoids and some other steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids function with the general energy metabolism. The mineralocorticoids maintain electrolyte balance.

6. Ovaries and testes, the gonads of female and male toads respectively, are also endocrine glands. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and the testes produce testosterone. These hormones are called gonadal steroids responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics of females and males. How can you identify the sex of the toad?

7. Complete the table to these different endocrine glands and their primary functions.

Endocrine Gland
Hormone
Target Organ
Principal Action(s)
1. Pituitary gland
Example:
a) Anterior lobe
- Activates metabolic processes
- Stimulates thyroid hormones
for growth and development
- Secretes progesterone
- Stimulates growth of follicles
- Promotes spermatogenesis
Growth
Muscle and
Hormone
bones
b) Intermediate lobe
Skin
c) Posterior lobe
Oxytocin
Kidney
3. Thyroid gland
Thyroxine
4. Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
5. Adrenal gland
a) Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
b) Adrenal cortex
-Regulates water and electrolyte
balance of the body
-Promote carbohydrate and
protein metabolism
6. Ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
7. Testes
Testosterone

Accepted Answer

Endocrine Glands
Hormone
Target Organ
Principle Action(s)

1. Pituitary Gland

b)…