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Master Budget
A master budget can be defined as an estimation of the revenue earned or expenses incurred over a specified period of time in the future and it is generally prepared on a periodic basis which can be either monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, or annually. It helps a business, an organization, or even an individual to manage the money effectively. A budget also helps in monitoring the performance of the people in the organization and helps in better decision-making.
Sales Budget and Selling
A budget is a financial plan designed by an undertaking for a definite period in future which acts as a major contributor towards enhancing the financial success of the business undertaking. The budget generally takes into account both current and future income and expenses.
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- City government officials are analyzing a complicated financial transaction. A GASB Implementation Guide seems to provide one reporting answer and a GASB Concepts Statement seems to provide a different answer. What reporting is most appropriate? Choose the correct.a. The government can use either method and still be in conformity with GAAP.b. Government officials should follow the guidance provided by the GASB Implementation Guide.c. The city’s financial statements must be in conformity with the GASB Concepts Statement.d. The city’s accountants should seek some type of compromise that takes both of these pronouncements into consideration.City government officials are analyzing a complicated financial transaction. A GASB Implementation Guide seems to provide one reporting answer and a GASB Concepts Statement seems to provide a different answer. What reporting is most appropriate? The government can use either method and still be in conformity with GAAP. Government officials should follow the guidance provided by the GASB Implementation Guide. The city’s financial statements must be in conformity with the GASB Concepts Statement. The city’s accountants should seek some type of compromise that takes both of these pronouncements into consideration.A good performance measurement system will align the goals of management with_______. A. the goals of the city manager and the mayoral staff B. the goals of the corporation, and both parties will benefit C. the priorities of the stockholders as listed at the annual meeting D. the Investment departments response to the annual audit
- The dual objectives of assessing interperiod equity and ensuring budgetary compliance may necessitate different accounting practices. A city engages in the transactions that follow. For each transaction, indicate the amount of revenue or expenditure that it should report in 2020. Assume first that the main objective of the financial statements is to enable users to assess budgetary compliance. Then calculate the amounts, assuming that the main objective is to assess interperiod equity. The city prepares its budget on a “modified” cash basis (that is, it expands the definition of cash to include short‐term marketable securities), and its fiscal year ends on December 31. Employees earned $128,000 in salaries and wages for the last five days in December 2020. They were paid on January 5, 2021. A consulting actuary calculated that per an accepted actuarial cost method, the city should contribute $225,000 to its firefighters' pension fund for benefits earned in 2020. However, the city…1. Comment on the general usefulness of ROA as the basis of evaluating district managers’ performance. Could this performance measure be made more effective? 2. While computing district profits for performance evaluation purposes, should there be 11 a charge for income taxes? Should corporate overheads be allocated to districts? Should profits be computed on the basis of historical costs or on the basis of replacement costs? Evaluate these issues from the standpoint of their motivational impact on the district managers. 3. Evaluate Quality’s incentive compensation system. Does the present system motivate district managers to make decisions which are consistent with the strategy of the firm? If not, make specific recommendations to improve the system.Officials for the City of Artichoke, West Virginia, have recently formed a transit authority to create a public transportation system for the community. These same Officials are now preparing the city's CAFR for the most recent year. The transit authority has already lost a considerable amount of money and the officials have become interested in its reporting and whether it qualifies as a component unit of the city. Following are several articles written about the reporting of component units by a state or local government: "Changes in Component Units," Government Finance Review, February 2011. "GASB Issues Guidance on Financial Reporting Entity, Component Units," Accounting Policy & Practice Report, January 7, 2011. "Financial Reporting for Affiliated Organizations," The Journal of Government Financial Management, Winter 2003. "How to Implement GASB Statement No. 34," The Journal of Accountancy, November 2001. "GASB Issues Guidance on Blending Certain Component Units into…
- Which of the following should not be included in the introductory section of a city's CAFR? A.) Management discussion and analysis B.) Letter of transmittal C.) Government Finance Officer's certificate of achievement for excellence in financial reporting D.) Photos of city officialsThe City of Francois, Texas, has begun the process of producing its current comprehensive annual financial report (CAFR). Several organizations that operate within the city are related in some way to the primary government. The city’s accountant is attempting to determine how these organizations should be included in the reporting process.a. What is the major criterion for inclusion in a government’s CAFR?b. How does an activity or function qualify as a special purpose government?c. How is the legal separation of a special purpose government evaluated?d. How is the fiscal independence of a special purpose government evaluated?e. What is a component unit, and how is it normally reported on government-wide financial statements?f. How does a primary government prove that it can impose its will on a component unit?g. What is meant by the blending of a component unit?In this course, performance budgeting has been examined as a budget reform from the perspectives of budget functions and the flow of government service provision. Assume that you are a budget analyst in a city that uses a traditional line-item budgeting system. Recently the chief executive office (CEO) of the city has asked you to develop a performance budgeting system. (1) Explain thoroughly and comprehensively the key components of performance budgeting to the CEO, using the perspectives examined in this course with examples. (2) Use these components to thoroughly and comprehensively explain the differences between traditional line-item budgeting and performance budgeting. (3) Describe comprehensively and explain critically the key elements in your proposed performance budgeting system with examples. Discuss thoroughly the potential challenges of developing the performance budgeting system with examples.
- Washington City created an Information Technology department four years ago to centralize information technology (IT) functions for the city. The goal of the department was to reduce costs, avoid duplication of efforts, and provide up-to-date technology to all of the city’s operations. The fund was designed to be self-supporting; that is, all costs are to be recovered through user fees, but any excess of fees over expenses should be less than 4 percent. The preclosing trial balance for the IT department as of last year, is shown below. Debits Credits (in thousands) Cash $ 14,600 Due from Other Funds 4,730 Materials and Supplies Inventory 410 Machinery and Equipment 54,700 Accumulated Depreciation $ 31,000 Accounts Payable 2,690 Due to Federal Government 2,740 Due to Other Funds 1,210 Net Position—Net Investment in Capital Assets 23,700…Scenario 1 A large city has been financing all of its services through property taxes and sales taxes. As the cost of services has been increasing, the city has found it necessary to raise its tax rates. A special commission appointed by the mayor suggests that it would be possible to reduce the property tax rate by charging residents a monthly fee to cover the costs of collecting and disposing of trash and garbage. The mayor likes the suggestion and wants to run the sanitation activity like a commercial business. Describe the fund accounting implications of adopting that suggestion. Scenario 2 Each department in a large city maintains its own fleet of vehicles. The cost of purchasing and maintaining the vehicles is financed through the General Fund. One day, the mayor walks past the parking lot of the Parks Department and notices that many vehicles are not being used. The mayor calls her finance commissioner into the office and says: "Couldn't we save money by setting up a central…Explain to a nonfinancial audience explaining how increasing scrutiny and demand for accountability by the public has influenced reporting for governmental entities. Explain why governments use fund accounting. Analyze the importance of budget and control of government resources. Explain how the GASB revenue and expense recognition model may improve the usefulness of the information governments report to the public. Format references according to APA guidelines.