Explain differences between whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES), and describe advantages and disadvantages of each approach for identifying diseasecausing mutations in a genome. Which approach was used for the Human Genome Project?

Q: How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the a...

A: Epigenetics is the study of various alterations in an organism occurred because of certain gene expr...

Q: What are the requirements for Microbial Viability? Describe each of them?

A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or ce...

Q: What advantages might a bacterial species that forms multicellular arrangements (e.g., clusters or c...

A: Bacteria other than being in single-celled organizations form a multicellular organization like bran...

Q: What genetic process is occurring in a puff of a polytene chromosome? How do we know this experiment...

A: Puffs in polytene chromosomes are the Balbiani rings. 

Q: In type II Diabetes, insulin is produced but is nonfunctional. These individuals are described as “s...

A: The ingestion of food and the rise of glucose concentrations in the bloodstream stimulates pancreati...

Q: Traits that are hidden and do not manifest in the offspring are called_________. A. Dominant trait B...

A: The genes are found on different chromosomes, occasionally far apart, but on the same chromosome, th...

Q: Which muscles extend the arm at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

A: The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball and attachment joint between the scapula and the h...

Q: Describe the different ecological niches occupied by microbes in soil and how microbes have evolved ...

A: An ecological niche is defined as the position in the ecosystem that is occupied by a species. It de...

Q: There are 100 Hodags in an isolated population. Ninety-six have eyes that glow red, whereas four hav...

A: The basic formulas for Hardy-Weinberg law are: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and p+q = 1 p = frequency of domina...

Q: IV. A. How does each of the following irreversible inhibitors interact with the Enzymes? 1. Cyanide ...

A: Below given are the ways by which the following inhibitors interact with the enzymes: 1. Cyanide is ...

Q: Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a rare human genetic disorderaffecting telomere replication. Mutatio...

A: Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a genetic disorder that causes bone marrow failure. As a consequence...

Q: How might the work of Winogradsky and Beijerinck have contributed to research on bacterial pathogens...

A: Winogradsky was primarily interested in soil bacteria involved in nutrient cycling, specifically nit...

Q: Which of the following is a major function of proteins? Transport Protection Movement Support All t...

A: Proteins are large, complex molecules playing many critical roles in the body. They do most of the w...

Q: DNA replication is vital for successful cell division. Explain the process of DNA replication. Make ...

A: Step 1 Replication is the formation of exact carbon copies of a substance. It occurs in the case of ...

Q: Describe the process of DNA Replication, from the time the cell breaks the first bond at the origin ...

A: DNA replication :- Is the process by which an  organism duplicates its DNA into another copy that i...

Q: Pea plants with purple pollen and long-shaped pollen were crossed with each other withthe following ...

A: In the sweet pea plants, the allele for purple flowers is dominant (P) and the allele for red flower...

Q: The physical characteristics of a cell influence how it functions. For example, the surface area and...

A: Diffusion is a passive process of the transport of substances.  

Q: Which curve best describes survivorship in oysters?

A: A survivorship curve is a graphical presentation of the number of survivors of a given species over ...

Q: What does the term allele mean?

A: Gene can be defined as the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. 

Q: Explain the definition of DNA replication and list general steps of Replication

A: DNA replication means when a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA mol...

Q: In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit  fly and a white- eyed Male fruit fly, what is...

A: Let us assume the allele for dominant red-eye as R and the recessive allele as r. Homozygous red-eye...

Q: Define these pairs of terms, and distinguish between them. autotetraploid/amphidiploid

A: Autotetraploid are organisms whose chromosome has four copies of a similar genome. This can occur na...

Q: What evidence did Watson and Crick have at their disposal in 1953? What was their approach in arrivi...

A: A biomolecule that consists of multiple polynucleotide chain and is inherited within generations is ...

Q: What is the first step in the antigen-antibody interaction? A.) opsonization B.) epitope product...

A: Out of all the options provided -  Option (A) is INCORRECT - Opsonization is the process of coating ...

Q: 5. How does an adaptation first happen? 6. How does a trait become more common in a population over ...

A: Evolutionary biology deals with the origin of life and evolutionary processes and adaptations. Origi...

Q: What are the dominant types of community interactions among plants in a late successional or climax ...

A: The last stage of the community is known as the climax community. It is a stabilized community which...

Q: 5. Describe the microscopic structure of bone

A: Bones are the example of connective tissue. Bones are connected to form joints and endoskeleton to s...

Q: Plants are less susceptible to cyanide poisoning than animals because A. Plant ETC membranes are def...

A:   Plants are less susceptible to cyanide poisoning than animals because

Q: Streptomycin resistance in Chlamydomonas may result from a mutation in either a chloroplast gene or ...

A: A scientist, Ruthsagar in 1965 reported in green algae ( Chlamydomonas reinhardi ) some cases of ext...

Q: What is the difference between nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) i...

A: Genome editing can be defined as the way of of making  the specific changes to the DNA of a cell or ...

Q: In pedigree how can you distinguish between sex linked and sex limited phenotypes?

A: The external appearance of an individual for any trait is called the phenotype. The genotype is the ...

Q: In 1994, telomerase activity was discovered in human cancer cell lines. Although telomerase is not a...

A: The expectation of this survey is to depict what is known and obscure about telomerase in substantia...

Q: What are the possible fates of methane in oxic and anoxic zones? In each case indicate what theelect...

A: Oxic environments encompass free molecular oxygen . This zone is the only significant redox boundary...

Q: What is meant with some plasmids carry an ampR gene

A: Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules present in Bacteria. These circular double DNA mol...

Q: How was it determined that the structure of DNA is a double helix with the two strands held together...

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid can be defined as the molecule that consist  of two polynucleotide chains that...

Genome annotation

The technique of linking biological information to genome sequences is termed genome annotation. Gene annotation is the method of identifying gene locations and coding sections. It helps us understand what these genes are doing in the body through establishing structural characteristics and linking them to the actions of various proteins.