Explain, how and why the cells swell up (or even burst) if their Na/K pumps stop working.
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You know that Na/K pumps are a form of active cross-membrane transport of Na and K ions, which means, it takes energy for these pumps to work. Imagine a situation, where blood flow through a part of the brain gets interrupted due to a blood clot. This part of the brain now does not get blood perfusion, and therefore it gets no oxygen and energy fuel in order to keep the Na/K pumps going in those brain cells. Very soon, these brain cells swell up with water and die. Explain, how and why the cells swell up (or even burst) if their Na/K pumps stop working.
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- Which of the following statements is false regarding the directions that forces of the eletrochemical gradient are pointing for each ion. Assume the membrane of the neuron is at rest. A. For chloride ions the electrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in opposite directions. B For sodium ions the eletrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in the same direction. C. For potassium ions the eletrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in opposite directions. D. All options choices are TRUE regarding the forces of the electrochemical gradient on each ion. E. For calcium ions the electrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in opposite directions.The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle cell is quite small, but there are many species of fish that use multiple action potentials in series to produce significant voltages. The electric organs in these fish are composed of specialized disk-shaped cells called electrocytes. The cell at rest has the usual potential difference between the inside and the outside, but the net potential difference across the cell is zero. An electrocyte is connected to nerve fibers that initially trigger a depolarization in one side of the cell but not the other. For the very short time of this depolarization, there is a net potential difference across the cell, as shown. Stacks of these cells connected in series can produce a large total voltage. Each stack can produce a small current; for more total current, more stacks are needed, connected in parallel. In an electric eel, each electrocyte can develop a voltage of 150 mV for a short time. For a total voltage of 450 V, how many electrocytes must…A rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes muscle cells to contract. in addition to an ATP- driven Ca2+ pump, muscle cells that contract quickly and regularly, such as those of the heart, have an additional type of Ca2+ pump—an antiport that exchanges Ca2+ for extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. The majority of the Ca2+ ions that have entered the cell during contraction are rapidly pumped back out of the cell by this antiport, thus allowing the cell to relax. ouabain and digitalis are used for treating patients with heart disease because they make heart muscle cells contract more strongly. both drugs function by partially inhibiting the Na+ pump in the plasma membrane of these cells. can you propose an explanation for the effects of the drugs in the patients? What will happen if too much of either drug is taken?
- A rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes muscle cells to contract. In addition to an ATPdriven Ca2+-pump, heart muscle cells, which contract quickly and regularly, have an antiporter that exchanges Ca2+ for extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. This antiporter rapidly pumps most of the entering Ca2+ ions back out of the cell, allowing the cell to relax. Ouabain, a drug that is used in the treatment of patient with heart disease, make the heart contract more strongly. The drug functions by partially inhibiting the Na+-K+ pump in the membrane of the heart muscle cell. What will happen if too much of the drug is taken?A change in membrane potential which is due to ion influx or efflux in a single region with the ions then diffusing away from that region is called a(n) ______The resting membrane potential is established by? The Na+/K+-ATPase pumping Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell The Na+/K+-ATPase pumping K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell A larger diffusion of K+ out of the cell compared to diffusion of Na+ into the cell A larger diffusion of K+ into the cell compared to diffusion of Na+ out of the cell a) and d) b) and c)
- If a cell with the following ion concentrations had a resting membrane potential of -40mV which of the following can you conclude? Extracellular: Cl- = 110 mM, Na+ = 145 mM, K+ = 5mM. Intracellular Cl- = 20 mM, Na+ = 10 mM, K+ = 140mM a) At rest it is only permeable to potassium b) At rest it has some permeability to more than one of these ions c) At rest it is only permeable to chloride d) Rest it is not permeable to sodiumA cell biologist is performing an experiment using the voltage clamp method in which they are allowed to change the voltage in the membrane potential. They are wanting to record potassium currents and notice that for a certain membrane potential range, the voltage clamp highlights that there is an inward current of potassium. Would these readings make sense?Jose measures membrane potential in two neighboring cells. He notices that when the membrane potential changes in one cell, the membrane potential of the neighboring cell changes in a similar manner. For example, if one cell hyperpolarizes, the neighboring cell also hyperpolarizes. He concludes the cells are electrically coupled. Which of the following is the most likely to cause the electrical coupling? a.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to integrins that connect the two cells. b.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to tight junctions that connect the two cells. c.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to desmosomes that connect the two cells. d.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to gap junctions that connect the two cells.
- Which of the following statements (s) about the ESA is not true? a) ENS can stimulate the release of hydrochloric acid b) Parasympathetic nerve pathways can stimulate ENS c) ENS operates through local control d) The neuron in the ENS cannot affect motility without being directly linked to the CNS e) ENS consists of sensory and motor neuronsWhich of the following is ther eason why the potassium leaves the cell readily at the peak of the action potential?A) The sodium-potassium pumps work hard to return potassium to the extracellular fluid. B) Diffusion will continue to push potassium into the cell, but electrostatic pressure will move potassium out of the cell. C) Diffusion will push potassium out of the cell, but electrostatic pressure continues to attract potassium to the interior of the cell. D) Both diffusion and electrostatic pressure will cause potassium to exit the cell.The inside negative membrane potential is a force that helps support... a.) the movement of (neutral) nonelectrolytes into the cell b.) the movement of cations into the cell c.) the movement of (neutral) nonelectrolytes out of the cell d.) the movement of anions into the cell
