Options for blank one= positive or negBlank to= into or out ofBlank three= negative or positiveBlank 4= into or out ofBlank 5= equal to or greater thann or less than Blank 6= more negative than or les positive than or more positive then or less negative then Blue light influence on guard cells indirectly leads to a cellular situation in which there is a[ Select ]driving force moving potassium [ Select ]thecells and a[ Select ]driving force on chloride, although chloride is moving[ Select ]the cells. During this process the cellular water potential is[ Select ]that of the interstitial fluid and the membrane potential of the cellis[ Select ]resting potential

In the presence of blue light a signal transduction process starts in stomata which influences the…

[ Select ] driving force moving potassium [ Select ] the cells and a [ Select ] v driving force on chloride, although chloride is moving [ Select ] v the cells. During this process the cellular water potential is [ Select ] that of the interstitial fluid and the membrane potential of the cell is [ Select ] resting potential

[ Select ] driving force moving potassium [ Select ] the cells and a [ Select ] v driving force on chloride, although chloride is moving [ Select ] v the cells. During this process the cellular water potential is [ Select ] that of the interstitial fluid and the membrane potential of the cell is [ Select ] resting potential

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter32: The Reception And Transmission Of Extracellular Information

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14P

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The equilibrium potential for a given ion (Eion) is a theoretical value. For a given concentration gradient of an ion, the equilibrium potential is the charge inside the cell required to hold an ion at that concentration. That is, it is the charge required to perfectly oppose the drive of the ion to move down its concentration gradient. So, if the concentration of Nat is higher outside the cell than inside, its equilibrium potential (ENa) must be I and if we add more sodium to the extracellular fluid, then ENa will II.
i. Write an equation balancing the electrical potential and chemical potential for 3 Na+ and 1 Ca2+. Note that NCX is an antiporter, whereas SGLT1 is a symporter, thus the maximal electrochemical gradient of Ca2+ will be opposite that of glucose. ii. Rearrange this equation in to give intra-cellular Ca2+ as a function of extra-cellular Ca2+, intra-cellular and extra-cellular Na+, resting membrane potential. You should note the equation and substitution below. iii. Use the values below for extra-cellular Ca2+, intra-cellular and extra-cellular Na+, resting membrane potential to calculate intra-cellular Ca2+. Extracellular Na+ concentration is 140mM, intracellular Na+ concentration is 12mM, extracellularCa2+ concentration 2.5mM, and the resting membrane potential is -65mV.
Membrane potential in cells is constantly fluctuating. These fluctuations are called graded potentials and we will learn more about them in future lectures. Look at the fluctuating graded potential in the graph as an example. If Cl- generally has a relatively low membrane permeability, how would increasing Cl- permeability affect this graph?
True and false - A k+ channel will be just as permeable to Na+ as to K+ because Na+ is a smaller ion - channel proteins are for small things like ions, not larger molecules like sugars - channel proteins have specificity by providing amino acid side chains to H bongs with particular ions in place of those ions binding with water -Ion channels all low ions to pass through in either direction depending on the electrochemical gradient of the ion - the free energy of an ion travelling across the plasma membrane depends completely on the ions concentration inside versus outside the cell
Some cytoplasmic kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate substrates at the expense of ATP, bind to voltage-dependent anion channels. What might the advantage of this binding be?
Batrachotoxin (BTX) is a steroidal alkaloid from the skin of Phyllobates terribilis , a poisonous Colombian frog (the source of the poison used on blowgun darts). In the presence of BTX, Na+ channels in an excised patch stay persistently open when the membrane is depolarized. They close when the membrane is repolarized . Which transition is blocked by BTX?
Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under normal physiological conditions: 4 mM serum potassium, 135 mM intracellular potassium, 37.1 °C, and resting potential -82 mV. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under disturbed conditions of 2 mM serum potassium. Assume all other parameters remain the same. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. What factors could limit the continued action of the sodium/potassium pump when only 2 mM potassium is present in the blood plasma? Note that under normal physiological conditions, the cell interior contains 11 mM sodium and the blood contains 140 mM sodium.
Neurons have a resting membrane potential of ___________________. varying votage as type and composition of channels can differ between neurons. theoretically the same votage because the ionic concentration is the same extracellularly and intracellularly for all neurons. equal to the equillibrium potential for potassium. directly opposing the equillibrium potential for sodium.
For most neurons, the extracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) is 108 mM, whilethe intracellular concentration of Cl- is 5 mM.If the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to Cl-, would there be Clinflux or Cl- efflux at an RMP of -70 mV? Why?
An analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod cell’s PDE activity, and is as effective as cGMP in opening the gated channel in the cell’s outer segment. If you suspended rod cells in a buffer containing a relatively high [8-Br-cGMP], then illuminatedthe cells while measuring their membrane potential, what would you observe?
37.Given an intracellular concentration of 120mM and an extracellular concentration of 15mM, calculate the Nernst Equilibrium Potential for K+ in mV 38 Given an intracellular concentration of 2mM and an extracellular concentration of 107mM, calculate the Nernst Equilibrium Potential for Cl- in mV 39 A cell has an actual membrane potential (Em) at rest of -75mV. The equilibrium potential for Na+ is +120mV and the equilibrium potential for K+ is -95mV. Calculate the net driving force for Na+ in mV.
Some cells with very negative resting membrane potentials, like -80 mV, express an the inward rectifier K+ channel. Describe the channel/ conductance.