Explain how tRNA is activated, including the role of a specifictRNA activating enzyme, ATP and amino acids.

Q: Describe the process of miRNA maturation.

A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a significant biomolecule that is found in every cell of the body. It is…

Q: Explain why RISC binds to a specific mRNA. What type of bonding occurs?

A: The gene expression regulation in a cell to inhibit the expression of particular genes is called…

Q: Describe all the elements required to carry out the process of translation.

A: What is translation Translation refers  to the process of polymerization of amino acids to form a…

Q: Describe how cDNA is made.

A: A cDNA or complementary DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is produced from ssRNAs (single-stranded…

Q: Define transfer RNA (tRNA)

A: Ribonucleic acid [RNA] is single-stranded nucleic acids that are composed of a nitrogenous base, a…

Q: Define . Nonsense codon  as they apply to the genetic code

A: Codons are the triplet of nucleotides present in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic…

Q: Compare miRNAs and siRNAs, including their functions.

A: Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) are non-coding RNA…

Q: Include a complete nucleotide monophosphate structure, draw the adenine-uracil basepair that would…

A: Nucleotides monophosphate are basic building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). it is consist of…

Q: List the 4 types of RNA degradation and describe each in 1 sentence

A: RNA degradation is the process by which ribonucleic acid molecules are enzymatically degraded. It is…

Q: Explain where the energy comes from for the peptide bond formation during translation

A: The translation is the biochemical process of the synthesis of the polypeptide chain of amino acid…

Q: recognition of the AUG initiation codon in an mRNA is TRUE?

A: In eukaryotes and Archaea, the start codon always codes for methionine, while in bacteria,…

Q: Describe the process of RNA editing.

A: Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a series of biological…

Q: Describe the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA intranslating the genetic code.

A: During protein synthesis, translation is transforming the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA)…

Q: Explain synthesis of RNA in a flow chart- from pre-mRNA to final mature RNA.

A: The RNA transcript first made in a eukaryotic cell is known as pre mRNA. It must be processed into…

Q: Give examples of the major structural motifs in DNA-binding proteins, and explain how they bind.

A: DNA binding proteins such as transcription factors recognize and bind a short nucleotide sequence,…

Q: Describe the process of RNA splicing, including the roles of the spliceosome and self-splicing RNA…

A: RNA splicing is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)…

Q: Describe how polypeptides are modified after translation

A: Modification after translation are called Post translational modifications. This is done to form the…

Q: xplain the events of translation initiation, elongation and termination

A: The translation is the process in which information in the mRNA is converted into amino acids and…

Q: Define about miRNA response elements (MREs) ?

A: miRNA or micro RNA is a type of RNA molecule that is involved in regulating the expression of genes.…

Q: Define promoter region and list three of its properties.

A: Introduction The region with the specific DNA sequence, right upstream to the transcription starting…

Q: Define Termination codon as they apply to the genetic code

A: Codons are the triplet of the nucleotide present in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic…

Q: Define about cis-regulatory sequences on the mRNA ?

A: mRNA - It has the tripartite structure with a 5' untranslated region( UTR), and coding region…

Q: Explain how the formation of one stem–loop in the RNA canblock the formation of another.

A: Bacteria are genetically regulated by RNA, they use a ribonucleic acid sequence encoded within mRNA…

Q: Define and indicate the significance of DNA ligase

A: DNA ligase is an enzyme that can join two strands of DNA. It creates a phosphodiester bond between…

Q: Describe the steps that occur during the initiation, elongation, and termination stages of…

A: The translation is defined as the conversion of mRNA into proteins. The nucleotides in the group of…

Q: The steps required for peptide elongation at the ribosome are, respectively, (A) initiation,…

A: The step of the protein biosynthetic pathway involved in the development of nascent polypeptide…

Q: Explain how ncRNA uses complementary base pairing with RNA to affect gene expression.

A: Gene expression is defined as the process by which the information stored or contained in the DNA is…

Q: Explain what would not occur if aminoacyl-tRNA synthatase was mutated and did not function.

A: tRNA or transfer RNA is the carrier RNA which acts as cargo to pick up the proper anticodons for the…

Q: Explain how an α helix in a transcription factor protein is able to function as a recognition helix.

A: Transcription is the first step in central dogma of protein synthesis. It involves formation of…

Q: Describe the processing of ribosomal RNAs and tRNAs.

A: Step 1 The translation is the process in which the coded genetic message brought by mRNA (messenger…

Q: Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation initiation with respect todelivering an initiator…

A: A cell is the basic structural and functional key of life. A cell has multiple organelles that carry…

Q: When a gene is being transcribed, the nitrogenous base code must be made available for reading by…

A:

Q: If a nonsense mutation can be suppressed by a tRNA mutation that changes an anticodon so that a…

A: Mutations are defined by any changes in the original DNA sequence caused due to insertions,…

Q: Describe the relationship between the template strand of DNA, the codons inmRNA, anticodons in tRNA,…

A: Introduction:- The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed…

Q: Describe the key steps of translation, indicating howeach depends on the ribosome.

A: The central dogma of biology explains the flow of information from genes to protein by two…

Q: Relate tRNA’s structure to its function

A: tRNA refers to transfer RNA is a small molecule which contain 74 to 95 ribonucleotides. They are…

Q: Explain the three steps (Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation) in elongation…

A: The translation is the biological process that involves the conversion of the genetic information in…

Q: Identify the features of tRNA that are important in decoding genetic information and converting it…

A: Codons encode specific amino acids for protein synthesis, a process known as translation. Transfer…

Q: Describe how tRNAs function in the context of the ribosome in buildinga polypeptide.

A: The heart of protein synthesis is the translation of nucleotide sequence information in the form of…

Q: Label the following regions on this tRNA molecule, stating the function of each:

A: This is a tRNA molecule. It has an amino acid arm where the corresponding amino acids bind. It has…

Q: Define Initiation codon as they apply to the genetic code

A: Initiation codon is the starting point of translation. From initiation ribosome starts protein…

Q: Explain how an mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in apolypeptide

A: A gene is the essential physical and functional unit of heredity. They are comprised of DNA…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.