Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
explain Mitochondria and Their Genomes
The cells are the basic building blocks of the living system. It consists of many internal structures called organelles that are embedded in the cytoplasm. The adenosine triphosphate is the energy molecules of the cells which is produced by the oxidation of biomolecules.
The mitochondria is the power house of the cell which ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometre in diameter. The components of the mitochondria are outer mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae and matrix. The structures of mitochondria are described as follows:
Outer membrane: The outer membrane is the outer covering of the mitochondria. It contains porins that allows small molecules to be exchanges between the cytoplasm and intermembrane space.
Inner membrane: It is rich in enzymes, co-enzymes and other components of electron transport chain. It also contains proton pump and many permease enzymes protein for the transport of various molecules such as citrates, ADP, phosphate and ATP.
Intermembrane space: The intermembrane space is the space between the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. It is involves in mitochondrial protein import, detoxification of reactive oxygen species and transport of metabolites.
Cristae: The cristae are the folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It gives a characteristic wrinkled shape that provides a large amount of surface area to facilitate the occurrence of chemical reactions. It contains proteins such as ATP synthase and a number of cytochromes that is essential for the aerobic cellular respiration. Thus the main function of the cristae is electron transport chain.
Matrix: The matrix is the liquid colloidal area encircled by the inner membrane, contains the soluble enzymes of the kreb’s cycle which completely oxidize the acetyl CoA to produce CO2, H2O and hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions reduce the molecules of NAD and FAD both of which pass on hydrogen ions to electron transport chain where oxidative phosphorylation takes place to generate ATP molecules.
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