Explain the roles of oxygen and glucose in aerobic respiration? Plasma membranes are selectively permeable what passively diffuses through? Ribosomes provide the scaffolding on which trnas interact with mrna during translation of an mrna sequence to a chain of amino acids a ribosome has 3 binding sites each of which has a distinct function in the trna mrna interactions drag the appropriate trnas to the binding sites on the ribosome to show the configuration immediately before a new peptide bond forms note that 1 of the binding sites should be left empty?

Explain the roles of oxygen and glucose in aerobic respiration? Plasma membranes are selectively permeable what passively diffuses through? Ribosomes provide the scaffolding on which trnas interact with mrna during translation of an mrna sequence to a chain of amino acids a ribosome has 3 binding sites each of which has a distinct function in the trna mrna interactions drag the appropriate trnas to the binding sites on the ribosome to show the configuration immediately before a new peptide bond forms note that 1 of the binding sites should be left empty?

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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 11QP: Briefly describe the function of the following in protein synthesis. a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA

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For each amino acid incorporated into a polypeptide the cell has to invest three high-energy phosphates (ATP or GTP). At which step of the overall process is energy investment NOT required? What is the correct answer from below? Ester bond formation between a tRNA and an amino acid Release of an aminoacyl-tRNA into the A-site of a ribosome Translocation of a ribosome along an mRNA molecule Peptide bond formation between amino acids none of the above
Match each term with the most appropriate description. sites for polypeptide assembly binds to ribosomes to begin translation a tRNA triplet complementary to a mRNA codon complex with proteins to form ribosomes
How does the cell ensure that a specific amino acid (say, valine) attaches itself only to the one tRNA molecule that is specific for valine? (A) Proteins called aminoacyl DNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The enzymes match the amino acid and one of the correct DNA molecules carrying the right anticodon. (B) Lipids called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The lipid binds the amino acid and one of the correct tRNA molecules carrying the right codon. (C) Enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The enzymes match the amino acid and one of the correct tRNA molecules carrying the right anticodon. (D) Enzymes called peptidyl mRNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The enzymes match the amino acid and one of the correct mRNA molecules carrying the right anticodon.
For each of the following, identify the type of RNA involved (mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA). a. Transports the correct amino acid to the ribosome, using the information encoded in the mRNA. b. Is a major component of ribosomes. c. Speciﬁes the order of amino acids in a protein, using a series of three-base codons, where different amino acids are speciﬁed by particular codons. d. Contains a three-base anticodon that pairs with a complementary codon revealed in the mRNA. e. Assists in making the bonds that link amino acids together to make a protein.
ADP ribosylation is one example of post-translational modification of an enzyme. Which statements about the process is true? ADP ribosylation will affect protein folding because of the addition of a large molecule ADP ribose can be added to the amine group of lysine or glutamine The ending of DNA around histones in the nucleus is altered by the ADP -ribosylation of the histone proteins in cancer cells ADP ribosylation requires ADP and the target protein as the substrates in the ADP ribosylation ADP ribosylation of phosphoinositol is an important step in signaling through a G protein-coupled receptor pathway.
Occurring in the nucleus ribosome mitochondrion , translation transcription is the process of making an RNA copy from a DNA template. The molecule then enters the cytoplasm. The process in which the mRNA sequence is converted into a sequence of amino acids is called translation transcription . In the cytoplasm, the nucleus ribosome mitochondrion reads the amino acid sequence and assembles the protein.
A mutation in DNA generates a aUGA stop codon in the middle of the mRNA coding for a particular protein. A second mutation in the cell’s DNA leads to a single nucleotide change in a tRNA that allows the correct translation of the protein; that is, the second mutation “suppresses” the defect caused by the first. the altered trNA translates the UGA as tryptophan. What nucleotide change has probably occurred in the mutant tRNA molecule? What consequences would the presence of such a mutant tRNA have for the translation of the normal genes in this cell?
What is the pathway of a protein secreted from the cell. The protein is N-linked with glycosylation modifications.The starting point is when the mRNA attaches to the ribosome. What is the signal sequence for the protein?
Which of the following is true for the tRNA of eukaryote cells? tRNA is a) made of DNA and protein, b) the active site in carbohydrate synthesis, c) is a subunit that forms mRNA from the codon of DNA. d) found inside the endoplasmic reticulum, e) has the specific sequence of bases (anti codon) that interacts with the base sequence (codon) of mRNA.
Which of the following statements are correct? explain your answers.A. An individual ribosome can make only one type of protein.B. All mRNAs fold into particular three-dimensional structures that are required for their translation. C. the large and small subunits of an individual ribosome always stay together and never exchange partners.D. ribosomes are cytoplasmic organelles that are encapsulated by a single membrane.E. Because the two strands of DNA are complementary, the mRNA of a given gene can be synthesized using either strand as a template.F. An mRNA may contain the sequence ATTGACCCCGGTCAA.G. the amount of a protein present in a cell depends on its rate of synthesis, its catalytic activity, and its rate of degradation.
Which of the following statements best describes a signal peptide? A.A signal peptide is a short amino acid sequence present at the N-terminus of the majority of newly translated proteins destined for the endomembrane system. B.A signal peptide is a long amino acid sequence that is present at the C-terminus of a protein destined for the localization in lumen of the mitochondrial. C.A signal peptide is a glycan that is post-translational added to a protein to target that protein to the proteosome for degradation. D.A signal peptide is a postranslational modification that adds a lipid to a protein to help anchor the protein to a cellular membrane.
Gene Expression: Illustrate some steps involved in RNA processing and identify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain corresponding to the codons in the mRNA. Procedure and Questions: The following segment of DNA codes for a protein. The uppercase letters represent exons. The lowercase letters represent introns. The lower strand is the template strand. 1. Indicate the 3’ and 5’ ends of both strands. G C T A T A A T G G C A a a a t t g G G T C A G G C A a a t c g a C A T A G C T G A C G G g g a t g a G G T T A A C G A T A T T A C C G T t t t a a c C C A G T C C G T t t a g c t G T A T C G A C T G C C c c t a c t C C A A T T 2. Write the pre-mRNA molecule. Indicate the 3’ and 5’ ends. 3. Write the mRNA molecule. Indicate the 3’ and 5’ ends. 4. Write the tRNA anticodons corresponding to the codons in the mRNA. 5. Write the sequence of amino acids in the resulting polypeptide