explain the  use of F′ episomes for complementationstudies

Q: What are the FMN, Fe-s, Q, cytb, and cyt a3?

A: FMN, Fe-s, Q, cytb, and cyt a3: These are part of the electron transport chain.  electron transport…

Q: list of mutgenes caused by transversions?

A: Mutation is any  change or demage  to DNA gene which indirectly alters the forms of proteins being…

Q: Explain the genome-wide association study (GWAS)?

A: GWAS study is important in order to determine common diseases and SNPs(single nucleotide…

Q: What is the advantage to transferring proteins bands from a gel to nitrocellulose during the western…

A: The western blot is a broadly utilized scientific procedure in molecular biology and immunogenetics…

Q: Define about copy number variations (CNVs) ?

A: Genomics is the study of genomes through analysis, sequencing and mapping of genes and non-…

Q: Explain the function of reverse transcriptase.

A: Transcription is the process of the formation of RNA from the DNA template strand. The enzyme is DNA…

Q: What is complementation group ?

A: A category of mutant genes that do not complement one another

Q: Using blue-white selection, explain how to discriminate against bacteria with self-ligated vectors.…

A: Blue white selection is an efficient technique for the identification of Recombinant bacteria in a…

Q: A1 A2 АЗ A4 A5 A6 A1 A2 + A3 + + A4 + A5 А6 What are the possible complementation groups from the…

A: Complementation groups are groups of mutation which do not complement with each other.…

Q: Define the use of carotene desaturase (crtI) gene ?

A: Introduction: Metabolic engineering is a technique used to alter or modify the endogenous pathways…

Q: list other biological examples in which specific (bacteriophage specificity) protein interactions…

A: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is the physical contact or the interaction established between two…

Q: The recombination signal sequences of human V,D,J and C immunoglobulin genes resemble which…

A: VDJ recombination is the peculiar mechanism that is involved in the development of lymphocytes…

Q: Describe the function of CYP3A4?

A: Answer- CYP3A4 or cytochrome P450 3A4 is a human enzyme that is present and synthesized in the…

Q: Explain how Ac and Ds elements produce variegated corn kernels.

A: The ds (dissociation) factor causes a tendency towards breakage of the chromosome at the site where…

Q: Explain how cells prevent excess transposable elementmobilization

A: Transposable elements (TEs) are the small segments of DNA that can move from one position to other…

Q: What is the result of conjugation between F and F cells?

A: Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct…

Q: Are there nucleotide substitutions that will not be detected by electrophoretic studies of a gene’s…

A: SPONTANEOUS MUTATION:-  1) SUBSTITUTION:-  Substitution of base pairs is the most common mutation,…

Q: why did the frequency of the apparent separation vary depending on thegenes being studied?

A: The segments of DNA are the gene. These consist of code that is involved in the synthesis of a…

Q: Which are the events causing loss-of-heterozygosity in somatic cells of RB+/RB− individuals?

A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that is inherited by the progeny from the…

Q: what would happen to kcat and km if a lysine was was changed to a arginine in a SK dyad?

A: Serine proteases are enzymes with a serine, a histidine and an aspartate residue in its active site…

Q: How can the binding assay technique be used to assign coding triplets to the corresponding amino…

A: Different triplet corresponds to different amino acids. In this method, an amino acid that is…

Q: What is the blologicel agmipicance of PNA howing more A-T pairs than G -C pairs ?

A: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helical structure that has a phosphate sugar background and…

Q: why it is called COVID 19 ?

A: COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2…

Q: What do the terms epistasis and complementation mean?

A: A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in genomes that code for a specific functioning molecule. There…

Q: Explain selectable and non selectable markers for the detection of transformants?

A: Marker is a gene used to conform whether a nucleic acid sequence has successfully been inserted into…

Q: What is true about the mutations within a complementation group?

A: Answer. They do not complement each other and are in the same gene

Q: What is Intron retention type of alternativesplicing ?

A: A portion in mRNA that codes for protein is termed as exon. The non-coding region is termed as…

Q: Describe the functions of the RAG1 and RAG2 and NHEJ proteins.

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a long molecule. DNA contains the instructions an organism required…

Q: Explain how transposable elements can cause themovement of genes that are not part of the…

A: Transposon:  These are those elements that can change DNA sequence location within a genome.…

Q: Give the structure of SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION?

A: Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create required genotypes…

Q: Explain how the presence of tryptophan favors the formation of the 3–4 stem-loop.

A: The stem-loop, an intramolecular base pairing, is the pattern that occurs commonly in the RNA or…

Q: Explain karyopherin exportins? What is it? What is its function? Why is is important for the…

A: Karyopherins, otherwise called importins or exportins, are essentially a family of nuclear transport…

Q: What happens when tryptophan is present in the 3-4 stem-loop configuration?

A: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and plays an important role in the growth and maintaining the…

Q: Give one examples of mutaion?

A: Any alteration in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence is termed as genetic mutation.

Q: How is an F′ factor different from an F factor?

A: Answer: Introduction: Conjugation is the process transfer of DNA / genes from one bacterium to other…

Q: In a particular species, the gene for the kappa light chain has 200 V segments and 4 J segments. In…

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…

Q: Describe and compare the structural features of Ig genesuperfamily constant and variable domains.

A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…

Q: Define the Comparison of Gene Activity ( +or -) in the Presence or Absence of Lactose for Various E.…

A: The expression of the lac operon is regulated by operator sequence and repressor protein.

Q: Define copy number variants (CNVs)

A: The chromosomal alteration could be the structural or numerical abnormalities that exist in an…

Q: What is meant by the differential activation of genes? Explain how this affects the synthesis of…

A: Genes are the basic structural and functional units of heredity. They play a major role in carrying…

Q: What is Ponceau S and why do we use it during western blotting?

A: Western Blotting : It is an analytical technique of molecular biology which is used to separate the…

Q: What is Complementation Analysis ?

A: A variable form of a gene is called an allele. Some genes exist in multiple versions, all of which…

Q: Why is NHEJ an error-prone mechanism?

A: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material of the organisms that transfer from…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.