What is meant by the differential activation of genes? Explain how this affects the synthesis of cutin and P-protein.

Q: In the lac operon system, do the inducers act at the transcription or translation level? Explain why…

A: The lactose operon (lac operon) consists of a regulatory gene (i-gene) and three structural genes -…

Q: Diagram the lactose operon in E. coli with the properorder of the elements lacI, lacO, lacY, and…

A: An operon is a group of genes that are expressed together under a common promoter and terminator.…

Q: List and explain two ways that this transcription factor (HIF-1α) relates to glucose metabolism.

A: HIFs or hypoxia-induced factors are transcription factor molecules involved in the regulation of…

Q: Describe the mechanism by which cAMP receptorprotein (CRP), the regulatory protein for catabolite…

A: Operon is a functional unit of DNA that consists of cluster of genes under control of promoter.…

Q: Name one cis-acting transctiption regulator and one trans-acting transcription regulator and…

A: cis-regulatory elements are present on the same molecule of DNA as the gene they regulate whereas…

Q: describe the actions of the normal and mutated lac operon in absence of lactose

A: The Lac operon is a group of genes with a  single promoter. It takes place in prokaryotes(bacteria).…

Q: What is meant by the term transcription factor modulation? List three general ways this can occur.

A: Transcription is the first step in central dogma of protein synthesis process. The conserved part in…

Q: Give and briefly explain two examples of how gene expression may be repressed without altering the…

A: Repression Vs Activation:To begin with, activation of a gene involves gene expression whereas…

Q: Also, describe what happens when a nonsense mutation is introduced into the gene encoding…

A: Mutations- Change in the sequence & structure of genetic material. Mutation causing agents are…

Q: What would happen to the regulation of the tryptophan operon in bacterial cells that express a…

A: In E. coli, all the 20 amino acids can be synthesized in vivo by the organism. The genes for the…

Q: Explain why (a) inactivation of the O2 or O3 sequence of the lac operon causes only a twofold loss…

A: An operon is defined as a group of genes that have a common promoter and regulator and also…

Q: Which statement is correct about expression of a gene regulated by Gal4? O Galactose increases gene…

A: In yeast the transcriptional activator GAL4 binds to the upstream activating sequence of the gal…

Q: Explain why mutations in the lacI gene are trans in their effects, but mutations in the lacO gene…

A: Lac operon is defined as an operon which is required for the metabolism and transport of a lactose…

Q: How do we know that expression of the information encoded in DNA involves an RNA intermediate?

A: The genetic material of the cell, that is, the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) comprises various genes…

Q: What would be the effect of a drug that altered the structure of allolactose so that it was unable…

A: Lac operon is defined as an operon which is required for the metabolism and transport of lactose…

Q: Explain how cells prevent excess transposable elementmobilization

A: Transposable elements (TEs) are the small segments of DNA that can move from one position to other…

Q: For each of the 4 regulatory states of the lac operon shown in the following diagram, answer the…

A: Genes active in lactose synthesis are found in E. coli's lac operon. When lactose is present but…

Q: What effect would you expect from the addition of an IRE to the 5′5 end of a gene that is not…

A: The genes are the hereditary unit of an organism which are passed on from the parental generation…

Q: Where metal-inducible transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) is found ?

A: Metal regulatory transcription factor-1 or metal inducible transcription factor-1 plays a role in…

Q: Briefly describe two different ways in which intragenic suppressors can reverse the effects of…

A: The second mutation that partially or wholly reverses the phenotypic or genotypic effects of an…

Q: What is the function of cAMP in the regulation of the lac operon and how is the production of cAMP…

A: The Lac operon is a set of genes in prokaryotic cells that regulate lactose metabolism. An operator…

Q: How does the poliovirus protease 2Aro inhibit the expression of cellular genes?

A: Poliovirus 2Apro is a protein comprised of 149 amino acids that belong to the cysteine protease…

Q: Describe how one might determine which protein in E. coli are repressed when a culture is shifted…

A: The Escherichia coli is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, coliform bacterium.…

Q: Describe how one might determine which proteins in E.coli are repressed when a culture is shifted…

A: Introduction  Gene expression is the process through which information from a gene is used to make a…

Q: How High levels of MT2A transcription are stimulated ?

A: There are different biomolecules present and they include carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and…

Q: How do loss of function mutations associated with Artemis (protein) cause their resulting…

A: Introduction: -Artemis is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCLRE1c gene.  Function: -…

Q: How does the level of tryptophan alter transcription of the trp operon?

A: An operon is defined as the set of structural genes that are under the regulation of a common…

Q: Determine the outcome for the lac operon genotype shown below: I*p*o°z*y /I*p*o*z°x* Assume lactose…

A: A group of genes that are transcribed under a single promoter and an operator is referred to as…

Q: What is diauxic growth? Explain how catabolite repression causes diauxic growth.

A: Introduction  Growth is an important aspect of microbes as they are rapidly dividing species. On an…

Q: Rare gain-of-function mutations cause increased _______________production, synthesis of an altered…

A: Mutation is the change in an organism’s DNA sequence. The change may occur in the sequence of bases…

Q: components that are part of the synthesis of T3 T4?

A: Thyroid hormones are produced by thyroid glands which consists of thyroid follicles serving both as…

Q: Describe the regulation of expression of the lac Z, Y and A genes in E.coli when there is LOW…

A:

Q: . Why is a nonsense suppressor tRNATyr, even though ithas a mutant anticodon that cannot recognize a…

A: The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have recognition sites for amino acids, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate),…

Q: Why does histone deacetylase action tend to repress transcription?

A: Transcription is the process of producing messenger RNA. This mRNA synthesizes proteins which is…

Q: In addition to the effect on ribonucleotide reductase, hydroxyurea causes changes at the gene…

A: In each living cell, ribonucleotide enzyme (RNR) may be a crucial catalyst that facilitates the…

Q: What is known as catabolite repression ?

A: Certain terms are fundamental concepts and terms used in biology, which is the study of life and…

Q: In how many different ways is the regulation of the Trp operon?

A: An Operon is a region in a DNA that is required for the regulation of gene expression in…

Q: Give two examples of how gene expression may be repressed without altering the coding sequence.

A: Epigenetics is the study of how our behaviors and environment affect the way our genes work.

Q: Why is it adaptive for the structural genes for using lactose to be under the control of a single…

A: Each cell can adjust to its surroundings to the best of its abilities. This adaptability is achieved…

Q: Contrast the effects of mutations in genes encoding sporulation-specific sigma factors with…

A: Introduction Mutation in sigma factors:- Sigma factors are subunits of all bacterial RNA…

Q: What is a positive effect of proteasome proteins being associated with transcription?

A: The primary function of the proteasome is to degrade proteins but it may serve some more functions…

Q: Give examples of the different classes of mutations that affect the base sequence of DNA in protein…

A: Mutations are well stated to define that they are used to refer to changes or alterations that occur…

Q: Based on the partial diploid sketched shown in Figure 3, where cross-hatched rectangles and the red…

A: An operon is defined as the working unit of DNA that are carrying a cluster of genes below the…

Q: Which reaction normally happens in the regulation of the trp operon when high levels of tryptophan…

A: The trp repressor controls the trp operon. When coupled to tryptophan, the trp repressor prevents…

Q: . a. How many ribosomes are required (at a minimum)for the translation of trpE and trpC from a…

A: Trp operon is also called as tryptophan operon, a group of genes that encodes biosynthetic enzymes…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.