Find an example of a commutative ring A that contains a subset, say S, such that for every s E S we have as E S, but S is not an ideal of A.
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Find an example of a commutative ring ? that contains a subset, say ?, such that for
every ? ∈ ? we have ?? ∈ ?, but ? is not an ideal of ?.
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- Let R be a commutative ring with characteristic 2. Show that each of the following is true for all x,yR a. (x+y)2=x2+y2 b. (x+y)4=x4+y4An element in a ring is idempotent if . Prove that a division ring must contain exactly two idempotent e elements.17. Suppose is a ring with positive characteristic. Prove that if is any ideal of then is a multiple of the characteristic of.
- Prove that if a is a unit in a ring R with unity, then a is not a zero divisor.21. Prove that if a ring has a finite number of elements, then the characteristic of is a positive integer.32. a. Let be an ideal of the commutative ring and . Prove that the setis an ideal of containing . b. If and show that .
- a. For a fixed element a of a commutative ring R, prove that the set I={ar|rR} is an ideal of R. (Hint: Compare this with Example 4, and note that the element a itself may not be in this set I.) b. Give an example of a commutative ring R and an element aR such that a(a)={ar|rR}.36. Suppose that is a commutative ring with unity and that is an ideal of . Prove that the set of all such that for some positive integer is an ideal of .True or False Label each of the following statements as either true or false. 4. If a ring has characteristic zero, then must have an infinite number of elements.