Chemistry 9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133611097
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter18: Electrochemistry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: What is a half-reaction? Why must the number of electrons lost in the oxidation half reaction equal... Problem 2RQ: Galvanic cells harness spontaneous oxidationreduction reactions to produce work by producing a... Problem 3RQ: Table 17-1 lists common half-reactions along with the standard reduction potential associated with... Problem 4RQ: Consider the equation G = -nF. What are the four terms in this equation? Why does a minus sign... Problem 5RQ: The Nernst equation allows determination of the cell potential for a galvanic cell at nonstandard... Problem 6RQ: What are concentration cells? What is in a concentration cell? What is the driving force for a... Problem 7RQ Problem 8RQ Problem 9RQ: What characterizes an electrolytic cell? What is an ampere? When the current applied to an... Problem 1ALQ: Sketch a galvanic cell, and explain how it works. Look at Figs. 17-1 and 17-2. Explain what is... Problem 2ALQ: In making a specific galvanic cell, explain how one decides on the electrodes and the solutions to... Problem 3ALQ Problem 4ALQ Problem 5ALQ: Sketch a cell that forms iron metal from iron(II) while changing chromium metal to chromium(III).... Problem 6ALQ: Which of the following is the best reducing agent: F2, H2, Na, Na+, F? Explain. Order as many of... Problem 7ALQ: You are told that metal A is a better reducing agent than metal B. What, if anything, can be said... Problem 8ALQ: Explain the following relationships: G and w, cell potential and w, cell potential and G, cell... Problem 9ALQ: Explain why cell potentials are not multiplied by the coefficients in the balanced redox equation.... Problem 10ALQ: What is the difference between and ? When is equal to zero? When is equal to zero? (Consider regular... Problem 11ALQ: Consider the following galvanic cell: What happens to as the concentration of Zn2+ is increased? As... Problem 12ALQ: Look up the reduction potential for Fe3+ to Fe2+. Look up the reduction potential for Fe2+ to Fe.... Problem 13ALQ: If the cell potential is proportional to work and the standard reduction potential for the hydrogen... Problem 14ALQ: Is the following statement true or false? Concentration cells work because standard reduction... Problem 15RORR: Define oxidation and reduction in terms of both change in oxidation number and electron loss or... Problem 16RORR: Assign oxidation numbers to all the atoms in each of the following:... Problem 17RORR: Specify which of the following equations represent oxidation reduction reactions, and indicate the... Problem 18RORR: The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid involves the Following three steps:... Problem 19Q: What is electrochemistry? What are redox reactions? Explain the difference between a galvanic and an... Problem 20Q: When balancing equations in Chapter 3, we did not mention that reactions must be charge balanced as... Problem 21Q: When magnesium metal is added to a beaker of HCl(aq), a gas is produced. Knowing that magnesium is... Problem 22Q: How can one construct a galvanic cell from two substances, each having a negative standard reduction... Problem 23Q: The free energy change for a reaction, G, is an extensive property. What is an extensive property?... Problem 24Q: What is wrong with the following statement: The best concentration cell will consist of the... Problem 25Q: When jump-starting a car with a dead battery, the ground jumper should be attached to a remote part... Problem 26Q: In theory, most metals should easily corrode in air. Why? A group of metals called the noble metals... Problem 27Q: Consider the electrolysis of a molten salt of some metal. What information must you know to... Problem 28Q: Consider the following electrochemical cell: a. If silver metal is a product of the reaction, is the... Problem 29E Problem 30E Problem 31E: Balance the following oxidationreduction reactions that occur in basic solution. a.... Problem 32E: Balance the following oxidationreduction reactions that occur in basic solution. a.... Problem 33E: Chlorine gas was first prepared in 1774 by C. W. Scheele by oxidizing sodium chloride with... Problem 34E Problem 35E: Consider the following galvanic cell: Label the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent, and describe... Problem 36E: Consider the following galvanic cell: a. Label the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent, and... Problem 37E: Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron... Problem 38E: Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron... Problem 39E: Calculate values for the galvanic cells in Exercise 37. Problem 40E: Calculate values for the galvanic cells in Exercise 38. Problem 41E: Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following half-reactions. Show the direction of electron... Problem 42E: Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following half-reactions. Show the direction of electron... Problem 43E: Give the standard line notation for each cell in Exercises 37 and41. Problem 44E: Give the standard line notation for each cell in Exercises 38 and 42. Problem 45E: Consider the following galvanic cells: For each galvanic cell, give the balanced cell equation and... Problem 46E: Give the balanced cell equation and determine for the galvanic cells based on the following... Problem 47E: Calculate values for the following g cells. Which reactions are spontaneous as written (under... Problem 48E: Calculate values for the following cells. Which reactions are spontaneous as written (under standard... Problem 49E: Chlorine dioxide (C1O2), which is produced by the reaction 2NaC1O2(aq)+Cl2(g)2ClO2(g)+2NaCl(aq) has... Problem 50E: The amount of manganese in steel is determined by changing it to permanganate ion. The steel is... Problem 51E: Calculate the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from the galvanic cells at standard... Problem 52E: Calculate the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from the galvanic cells at standard... Problem 53E: Estimate for the half-reaction 2H2O+2eH2+2OH given the following values of Gfo: H2O(l)=237kJ/mol... Problem 54E: The equation G = nF also can be applied to half-reactions. Use standard reduction potentials to... Problem 55E: Glucose is the major fuel for most living cells. The oxidative breakdown of glucose by our body to... Problem 56E: Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have shown some promise as a viable option for providing green... Problem 57E: Using data from Table 18.1, place the following in order of increasing strength as oxidizing agents... Problem 58E: Using data from Table 18.1, place the following in order of increasing strength as reducing agents... Problem 59E: Answer the following questions using data from Table 17-1 (all under standard conditions). a. Is... Problem 60E: Answer the following questions using data from Table 17-1 (all under standard conditions). a. Is... Problem 61E: Consider only the species (at standard conditions) Na+, Cl, Ag+, Ag, Zn2+, Zn, Pb in answering the... Problem 62E Problem 63E: Use the table of standard reduction potentials (Table 17-1) to pick a reagent that is capable of... Problem 64E: Use the table of standard reduction potentials (Table 18.1) to pick a reagent that is capable of... Problem 65E Problem 66E Problem 68E: Consider the concentration cell in Fig. 17-10. If the Fe2+ concentration in the right compartment is... Problem 69E: Consider the concentration cell shown below. Calculate the cell potential at 25C when the... Problem 70E: Consider a concentration cell similar to the one shown in Exercise 69, except that both electrodes... Problem 71E: The overall reaction in the lead storage battery is Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2H+(aq)+2HSO4(aq)2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)... Problem 72E: Calculate the pH of the cathode compartment for the following reaction given = 3.01 V when [Cr3+] =... Problem 73E: Consider the cell described below: Zn|Zn2+(1.00M)||Cu2+(l.00M)|Cu Calculate the cell potential after... Problem 74E: Consider the cell described below: Al|Al3+(1.00M)||Pb2+(1.00M)|Pb Calculate the cell potential after... Problem 75E: Calculate G and K at 25C for the reactions in Exercises 37 and 41. Problem 76E: Calculate G and K at 25C for the reactions in Exercises 38 and 42. Problem 77E: Consider the galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: a. Determine the overall cell... Problem 78E: Consider the galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: a. Determine the overall cell... Problem 79E: An electrochemical cell consists of a standard hydrogen electrode and a copper metal electrode. a.... Problem 80E Problem 81E: An electrochemical cell consists of a standard hydrogen electrode and a copper metal electrode. If... Problem 82E: An electrochemical cell consists of a nickel metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ni2+] =... Problem 83E: Consider a concentration cell that has both electrodes made of some metal M. Solution A in one... Problem 84E: You have a concentration cell in which the cathode has a silver electrode with 0.10 M Ag+. The anode... Problem 85E: Under standard conditions, what reaction occurs, if any, when each of the following operations is... Problem 86E: A disproportionation reaction involves a substance that acts as both an oxidizing and a reducing... Problem 87E: Consider the following galvanic cell at 25C: Pt|Cr2+(0.30M),Cr3+(2.0M)||Co2+(0.20M)|Co The overall... Problem 88E: An electrochemical cell consists of a silver metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ag+] = 1.0... Problem 89E Problem 90E: For the following half-reaction, = 2.07 V: A1F63(aq)+3eAl(s)+6F(aq) Using data from Table 17-1,... Problem 91E: Calculate for the following half-reaction: AgI(s)+eAg(s)+I(aq) (Hint: Reference the Ksp value for... Problem 92E: The solubility product for CuI(s) is 1.1 102 Calculate the value of for the half-reaction... Problem 93E: How long will it take to plate out each of the following with a current of 100.0 A? a. 1.0 kg AI... Problem 94E: The electrolysis of BiO+ produces pure bismuth. How long would it take to produce 10.0 g Bi by the... Problem 95E: What mass of each of the following substances can be produced in 1.0 h with a current of 15 A? a. Co... Problem 96E: Aluminum is produced commercially by the electrolysis of Al2O3 in the presence of a molten salt. If... Problem 97E: An unknown metal M is electrolyzed. It took 74.1 s for a current of 2.00 A to plate out 0.107 g of... Problem 98E Problem 99E: What volume of F2 gas, at 25C and 1.00 atm, is produced when molten KF is electrolyzed by a current... Problem 100E: What volumes of H2(g) and O2(g) at STP are produced from the electrolysis of water by a current of... Problem 101E: A single HallHeroult cell (as shown in Fig. 17-22) produces about 1 ton of aluminum in 24 h. What... Problem 102E: A factory wants to produce 1.00 103 kg barium from the electrolysis of molten barium chloride. What... Problem 103E: It took 2.30 min using a current of 2.00 A to plate out all the silver from 0.250 L of a solution... Problem 104E: A solution containing Pt4+ is electrolyzed with a current of 4.00 A. How long will it take to plate... Problem 105E: A solution at 25C contains 1.0 M Cd2+, 1.0 M Ag+, 1.0 M Au3+, and 1.0 M NiH2+ in the cathode... Problem 106E Problem 107E: In the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of Na2SO4, what reactions occur at the anode and the... Problem 108E: Copper can be plated onto a spoon by placing the spoon in an acidic solution of CuSO4(aq) and... Problem 109E Problem 110E Problem 111E: What reactions take place at the cathode and the anode when each of the following is electrolyzed?... Problem 112E: What reaction will take place at the Cathode and the anode when each of the following is... Problem 113AE: Gold is produced electrochemically from an aqueous solution of Au(CN)2 containing an excess of CN.... Problem 114AE: The blood alcohol (C2H5OH) level can be determined by titrating a sample of blood plasma with an... Problem 115AE: The saturated calomel electrode. abbreviated SCE. is often used as a reference electrode in making... Problem 116AE: Consider the following half-reactions: Explain why platinum metal will dissolve in aqua regia (a... Problem 117AE: Consider the standard galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: Cu2++2eCuAg++eAg The... Problem 118AE: A standard galvanic cell is constructed so that the overall cell reaction is... Problem 119AE: The black silver sulfide discoloration of silverware can be removed by heating the silver article in... Problem 120AE Problem 121AE: When aluminum foil is placed in hydrochloric acid, nothing happens for the first 30 seconds or so.... Problem 122AE Problem 123AE: A fuel cell designed to react grain alcohol with oxygen has the following net reaction:... Problem 124AE: The overall reaction and equilibrium constant value for a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell at 298 K is... Problem 125AE Problem 126AE: The overall reaction and standard cell potential at 25C for the rechargeable nickel-cadmium alkaline... Problem 127AE Problem 128AE: The ultimate electron acceptor in the respiration process is molecular oxygen. Electron transfer... Problem 129AE: One of the few industrial-scale processes that produce organic compounds electrochemically is used... Problem 130AE: It took 150. s for a current of 1.25 A to plate out 0.109 g of a metal from a solution containing... Problem 131AE Problem 132AE: In the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution, what volume of H2(g) is produced in the same time... Problem 133AE: An aqueous solution of an unknown salt of ruthenium is electrolyzed by a current of 2.50 A passing... Problem 134CWP: Which of the following statement(s) is/are true? a. Copper metal can be oxidized by Ag+ (at standard... Problem 135CWP: Consider a galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: a. What is the expected cell... Problem 136CWP Problem 137CWP: Consider a galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: a. What is the standard potential... Problem 138CWP: An electrochemical cell consists of a silver metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ag+] =... Problem 139CWP: An aqueous solution of PdCl2 is electrolyzed for 48.6 seconds, and during this time 0.1064 g of Pd... Problem 140CP Problem 141CP Problem 142CP: The overall reaction in the lead storage battery is Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2H+(aq)+2HSO4(aq)2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)... Problem 143CP: Consider the following galvanic cell: Calculate the KSP value for Ag2SO4(s). Note that to obtain... Problem 144CP: A zinc-copper battery is constructed at follows at 25C: Zn|Zn2+(0.10M)||Cu2+(2.50M)|Cu The mass of... Problem 145CP: A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions: where the iron compartment contains an... Problem 146CP: Consider a cell based on the following half-reactions: a. Draw this cell under standard conditions,... Problem 147CP Problem 148CP: You have a concentration cell with Cu electrodes and [Cu2+] = 1.00 M (right side) and 1.0 104M... Problem 149CP: A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions: In this cell, the silver compartment... Problem 150CP: Given the following two standard reduction potentials, solve for the standard reduction potential of... Problem 151CP: Consider the following galvanic cell: Calculate the concentrations of Ag+(aq) and Ni2+(aq) once the... Problem 152CP Problem 153CP: Consider the following galvanic cell: A 15 0-mole sample of NH is added to the Ag compartment... Problem 154CP: When copper reacts with nitric acid, a mixture of NO(g) and NO2(g) is evolved. The volume ratio of... Problem 155IP: The following standard reduction potentials have been determined for the aqueous chemistry of... Problem 156IP: An electrochemical cell is set up using the following unbalanced reaction: Ma+(aq)+N(s)N2+(aq)+M(s)... Problem 157IP: Three electrochemical cells were connected in series so that the same quantity of electrical current... Problem 158IP: A silver concentration cell is set up at 25C as shown below: The AgCl(s) is in excess in the left... Problem 159MP: A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions: In this cell, the copper compartment... Problem 160MP: The table below lists the cell potentials for the 10 possible galvanic cells assembled from the... Problem 151CP: Consider the following galvanic cell: Calculate the concentrations of Ag+(aq) and Ni2+(aq) once the...
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Find the Enthalpy, Entropy and Gibbs free energy of the following reaction. Show your work.
Find the standard thermodynamic values Enthalpy, Entropy and the free energy of the zinc-carbon battery at 25°C. Also find the rate law equation of the following reaction. Show your work.
Transcribed Image Text: ZN(S) + 2NH₂CL(AQ) + 2 MNO₂(S)
ZNCL₂(AQ) + 2 NH₂(AQ) + MN₂O₂(S) + H₂O(L)
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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