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- Give an example of a positive externality and an example of a negative externality.Suppose the supply curve of a product is given by P = 5 + 0.1Q, where P is the daily rent per unit in dollars and Q is the quantity. The demand curve for the product is 20 – 0.2Q. (i)If the production of each unit of the product imposes $3 per day in externalcosts on others, by how much will the equilibrium number of the productexceed the socially optimal number? (ii)How would the imposition of a tax of $3 per unit on each product affect efficiency in this market?. Some dissenting scientists at Environment Canada disagree with the estimate of $1.50 for theenvironmental externality. They believe that the incidence of the externality is not constant acrossdifferent levels of production; instead the size of the externality is proportional to the level of output.That is, the larger is the output, the larger is the externality. Their research suggests that the truesocial cost of cereal production diverges from private costs at every level of production by an amountequal to ten percent of production (note: ten percent, not ten percentage points).The government would like to know the economic effects of implementing a tax to internalise theexternality in this case. Draw the diagram for this market and policy. Solve for all relevant Ps and Qs.Calculate producer surplus
- The market inverse supply curve for amoxicillin, an antibiotic with lots of generics, isrepresented by the equation P = 3 + 0.0006QS. The market demand curve is represented byQD = 187,500 − 625P.It is well known that antibiotic use generates negative externalities. How might thegovernment restrict the use of antibiotics? Show this on a demand-supply graph. Thendiscuss a potential unintended consequence of the government’s intervention.Suppose the demand and supply curve for crude oil at any given period is: Pd= =380−3Q and Ps=28+1Q Where price is measured in dollars and quantity is measured in barrels. Furthermore, for each barrel of oilproduced, there is $32 worth of negative externality. The market currently unregulated and produces 88 barrels of oil and the market price is $116. Externality, Part A: What is the Total Social Welfare before government regulation?How to set the Pigouvian Taxes to correct the problem with negative externalities? Eliminate the divergence between ... Mark all that applies. Group of answer choices the marginal social cost and marginal private cost at the socially optimal level of consumption. the polluter’s private benefit and social benefit. the average social cost and average private costs. input costs and output prices at the market equilibrium. the marginal social cost and marginal private cost at the market equilibrium.
- The market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=2P and Market Demand is given by Q=385-2P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced imposes a negative externality of $6. What is themarket quantity?Suppose demand is QD =12 - P supply is QS = 2P. There is a constant positive externality of $6 per unit (Marginal External Benefit, MEB = $6). What subsidy would achieve the efficient allocation? In other words, what subsidy would maximize social surplus? (Do not overthink this one.) Find quantity given this subsidy. What is the social benefit that accrues due to the quantity in the previous part? (Hint: It is MEB times the quantity.) Find (private) producer surplus given this subsidy. Find (private) consumer surplus given this subsidy. How much would this subsidy cost the government? In other words, find government “revenue” (which will end up being a negative number). Add up the answers to the previous four questions to find social surplus. (It should be the same as the area between MSB and MSC.)The market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=3P and Market Demand is given by Q=469-3P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced imposes a negative externality of $9. What is the totalsurplus at the market quantity?
- The market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=3P and Market Demand is given by Q=321-2P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced imposes a negative externality of $7. What is the(absolute value of) Deadweight Loss due to the externality?Most countries today have subsidised the provision of education. Consider an imaginary country, Gondolin. Gondolin pays a subsidy of $10 000 per year to each student enrolled in tertiary education. The original assumption for Gondolin stated that the marginal private benefit is equal to the marginal social benefit. Now instead assume that the marginal social benefit of tertiary education is greater than the marginal private benefit. That is, assume there is a positive externality associated with having a tertiary education. Draw this in a new figure. Is the deadweight loss from the subsidy increased or decreased with the introduction of the positive externality? Why?There are three individuals in a community: 1,2 and 3. Their valuations of the public good, G, are MB1=40-2G , MB2=20-G and MB3=10-G/2 . Let MCG=ACG= 12 a )Suppose the individuals must vote to determine the level of G, assuming that person 3 pays all of the cost. What will G be, according to the median voter theorem? Show your work b). Quantify the magnitude of the inefficiency caused by voting in part (a) That is, calculate the net loss of total social surplus that occurs because of the G you found in (a)