For the following statement given below, indicate whether you tend to agree, disagree, or are uncertain about the truth of the statement, and explain your reasoning. Graphical analysis is encouraged. 1. "The socially optimal amount of pollution is zero."
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- Suppose a city releases 16 million gallons of raw sewage into a nearby lake. Table 12.8 shows the total costs of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits of doing so. (Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.) Using the information in Table 12.8, calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city. See Production, Costs and Industry Structure if you need a refresher on how to calculate marginal costs. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? Why not just pass a law that films can emit zero sewage? After all, the total benefits of zero emissions exceed the total costs.A railroad can operate zero, one, or two trains a day along a certain stretch of track that borders a farmer’s field, but the trains occasionally emit sparks that set fire to the crops. The following table shows the railroad’s total profit and the farmer’s total fire damage (both in dollars) as functions of the number of trains. (Please show step by step on the math) No of trains RR's profit Farmer's fire damage 0 0 0 1 150 100 2 200 125 A. What is the socially optimal number of trains? B. Assume bargaining costs between the railroad and farmer are zero. Describe the outcome when: i. The railroad has the right to operate any number of trains, protected by a property rule. ii. The farmer has the right to be free from crop damage, protected by a property rule. C. Assume bargaining costs between the railroad and the farmer are high. Describe the outcome when: i. The railroad has the right to operate any number of trains, protected by a…Assume that the market for tradable emissions permits by power plants has been operating efficiently for severalyears. An engineering firmthen invents a lower cost device for pollution abatement. What happens to theequilibrium market price of a tradable permit, and why? Draw a supply and demand diagram, with a fixedsupply of pollution permits, along with your answer.Has the socially optimal amount of pollution increasedor decreased? Explain
- Consider a small town with a factory that produces cell phones. The factory's production causes air pollution, which affects the health of the residents. Draw a graph representing the market for cell phones in this town. Label the socially optimal level of output and the market equilibrium level of output. Explain the difference between the two levels.The equations below represent the demand and supply curves for annual gym memberships in a city. qD= 500 − 2p, qS=0.5p − 50 Because physical activity leads to better health, the city estimates that each annual gym membership saves $30 of public spending on healthcare per year (a positive externality). a. In a graph, show the market and the socially optimal equilibria for annual gym memberships in this city. Does the market equilibrium result in under- or over-consumption of memberships? What is the deadweight loss associated with the market failure in this situation? b. Would you recommend this city to implement a subsidy (a negative Pigouvian tax) to correct this market failure? If so, how much would be the subsidy per unit? What would be the effects of your proposed policy on the quantity, price, and aggregate welfare?Firms A and B each produce 80 units of pollution. The federal government wants to reduce pollution levels. The marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MCA = 50 + 3QA for firm A and MCB = 20 + 6QB for firm B, where QA and QB are the quantities of pollution reduced by each firm. Society’s marginal benefit from pollution reduction is given by MB = 590 – 3Qtot, where Qtot is the total reduction in pollution. What is the socially optimal level of each firm’s pollution reduction?
- Firms A and B each produce 80 units of pollution. The federal government wants to reduce pollution levels. The marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MCA = 50 + 3QA for firm A and MCB = 20 + 6QB for firm B, where QA and QB are the quantities of pollution reduced by each firm. Society’s marginal benefit from pollution reduction is given by MB = 590 – 3Qtot, where Qtot is the total reduction in pollution. How much total pollution is there in the social optimum?Two firms are ordered by the federal government to reduce their pollution levels. Firm A’s marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MC = 150 + 3Q. Firm B’s marginal costs associated with pollution reduction is MC = 9Q. The marginal benefit of pollution reduction is MB = 250-4Q. A.What is the socially optimal level of each firm’s pollution reduction? B. Compare the social efficiency of three possible outcomes: Require all firms to reduce pollution by the same amount (half of the total calculated in part a); Charge a common tax per unit of pollution; Require all firms to reduce pollution by the same amount, but allow pollution permits to be bought and sold#3. When pollution (a negative externality) is created by firms, which of the following is NOT a valid way for the government to restore the social optimum? a. require firms to install pollution-abatement equipment b. require firms to change production techniques to reduce emissions c. levy a tax on the production of the good d. require firms to pay for the environmental damage they create e. offer a subsidy to firms to reduce their production costs
- Suppose that externalities exist in the market for rice (e.g., pollution and wastes dumped in nearby water reservoir producing ice cream) and this has inflicted damage to nearby community. The associated marginal damage was estimated as MD = 2Q. Sketch, in the same diagram, the MD (marginal damage) associated with this good’s production. Explain why MD curve is upward sloping.Describe briefly, the hedonic price method of estimating benefits. Use an environmental example to illustrate your answer. Explain why this valutationThe net benefit to society from reducing pollution is equal to Select one: a. the additional benefit plus the additional costs. b. the quantity of pollution, such as the tons of reduction in sulfur dioxide. c. the sum of the benefits of reducing pollution and the costs. d. the difference between the benefits of reducing pollution and the costs.