Formation of coding joint during recombination event in the lymphocytes brings extra variability.

Q: The protein which is always present in the liquid portion of the blood and is instrumental in making…

A: Answer is option A.

Q: One strategy for preventing type 1 hypersensitivity is to induce plasma cells to secrete lgG instead…

A: Rather than via cross-linking FcRI to FcRIIb, IgG BA reduces IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Ag…

Q: Fill in the blanks: Lymphocytes are derived from the ________ cell line, whereas the other…

A: Blood is the fluid connective tissue derived from the mesoderm. It is slightly alkaline with a pH of…

Q: Diagram an IgG molecule and label (a) the Fc region and (b) the areas that combine with antigen.

A: Glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells, in response to an antigen, is known as…

Q: Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a…

A: Lymphoid Cells  Lymphatic tissue is a connective tissue consisting of different types of lymphoid…

Q: Which ONE of the following genes is most likely mutated in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?…

A: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an acute leukaemia. It is aggressive and progresses…

Q: Once Tfh cells have been activated against vaccine delivered intramuscularly which Constant (C)…

A: There are five classes of immunoglobulin or antibodies. All these antibodies have variable and…

Q: Gene region/segment which dictates the antibody class formed by a given B cell. Heavy Chain C exons…

A: Antibodies are the immunoglobins, i.e. Y Y-shaped proteins used by the immune system to respond to…

Q: Complete the flow chart in Figure with the correct terms from the bulleted list below.

A: B-lymphocytes matures in the bone marrow in humans but in birds it is Bursa of Fabricius and…

Q: What accounts for the change in a B cell’s ability to bind antigen?

A: B cells are also known as B lymphocytes are special types of blood cells which belong to the group…

Q: What is the major problem if self reacting lymphocytes are not eliminated from our body before birth…

A: The sole purpose our immune system has to perform is to safeguard us from pathogenic antigens which…

Q: It is said that a vaccine does not prevent infection; rather, it primes theimmune system to undergo…

A: Vaccines are known to have reduced the impact of many infectious diseases. Vaccination is defined as…

Q: Haptens Require carrier molecules to be immunogenic Interact with specific antibodies even if the…

A: Introduction :- A hapten is a material that can bind to a particular antibody but is not itself…

Q: Adaptive immunity can pass from mother to her newborn a. False b. True

A: Adaptive immunity develops in response to an antigen i.e. foreign particle or microorganism or after…

Q: Consider a pencil-shaped protein with two epitopes, Y (the “eraser” end) and Z (the “point” end).…

A: Antibodies are glycoproteins that bind to specific epitopes located on antigen surfaces and cause…

Q: Both vaccine and colostrum produce immunity. Name type of immunity produced by these.

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: Describe the process of desensitization that reduces the IgE response to an allergen.

A: The term "desensitization" refers to an immunological procedure that involves producing specific…

Q: Rh D - negative individuals generate an immune response when they are exposed to the Rh-D antigen.…

A: Skilled antigen-processing cells are dendritic cells. They have several receptors that promote…

Q: The immunoglobulin that can cross placenta is: a. IgG b. IgE c. IgD d. IgM

A: Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by the plasma cells in the body as a response to antigens.…

Q: The least abundant immunoglobulin is IgE, for a good reason. Explain what the reason might be

A: Immune responses can be either innate or adaptive. Innate immunity is the inborn resistance, while…

Q: Cells contain built-in suicide genes to self-destruct by apoptosisunder certain conditions. Can you…

A: Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death in which self-destructive genes are activated in…

Q: Using an appropriate example, explain autoimmunity.

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: A monomer of an immunoglobulin molecule has all the following except: O 1) One Fab fragment 2)…

A: A monomer immunoglobulin has more than one antigen-binding site and hence the correct option is (3)

Q: During the adaptive immune responses, the lymphocytes will clone themselves in massive numbers.…

A: DNA replication is the cycle by which DNA makes a duplicate of itself during cell division.  The…

Q: Why are only very small amounts of antigen injected?

A: Antigens are any foreign substances which evoke immune response in our body as they enters the body.…

Q: e class of immunoglobulins which can cross the placenta is -

A: Immunoglobulins, additionally referred to as antibodies, are compound protein molecules made by…

Q: Fill in the blank: _______________________ that contain germinal centers are the structural units of…

A: The sites within the secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen are referred to as…

Q: Fill in the blank:  Type A blood contains antibody _______________________ in the plasma.

A: Blood typing involves identifying the protein substances called as antigens that are present on the…

Q: Rh D - negative individuals generate an immune response when are exposed to the Rh -D antigen .…

A: Antigen, substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response, specifically activating…

Q: Explain whether the antibody diversity is generated at the DNA or RNA level.

A: The immune system is a sophisticated biological system that can recognise and accept self-cells…

Q: Explain : Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages

A: Vpr means viral protein R and it is a HIV  gene and protein product. This gene is responsible for…

Q: Basic Antibody Štructure Label. Light Chain Heavy Chain Antigen Binding Site 11

A: Immunoglobulins are proteins that are related to the immune system and are called antibodies. Each…

Q: Which of the following event would decide B lymphocyte lineage during the lymphopoiesis process?…

A: Lymphopoiesis is known as as the process of generating lymphocytes, one of the 5 types of WBC. It is…

Q: Which Uknown 1 or 2, have antibodies for chicken gamma globulin antigen, also can you label the…

A: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay : Horseradish phosphatase, BCIP/NBT (5-Bromo…

Q: Describe the recombination events that produce a matureheavy-chain gene and other somatic events…

A: One gene encodes one protein, this mechanism occurs in most of the proteins. However, in…

Q: A lymphocyte cell may most likely encounter a blood born foreign invader in which of the following?…

A: The Immune System is made up of many types of "cells" and chemicals that defend our bodies against…

Q: Adaptive immunity

A: Immunity is property of the body which allows them to fight against the antigens There are two type…

Q: In our body , there occurs a major problem called chronic deletion if self- lymphocytes are not…

A: Aberrations change the chromosome arrangement but do not change the number of chromosomes. The…

Q: between a lymphocyte “spotter” and a neutrophil “newt”.

A: The vertebrate immune system consists of special WBCs (white blood cells) that are known as…

Q: All of the following contribute to the establishment and maintenance of long-lived memory B cells…

A: B cells are lymphocytes which are important for the adaptive immune system's humoral defense…

Q: immunoassays are able to detect infections disease because of a very specific match between

A: The correct answer is 1. Antigen , Antibody

Q: Which class of antibodies functions as a dimer?   IgE IgG IgM Secretory IgA

A: Immunoglobulins or Ig molecules are synthesized and released by the B-lymphocytes or B-cells. It is…

Q: Which of the following processes add diversity to antibody molecules AFTER encounte with antigen?…

A: Introduction Antibody diversity is a process by which antibodies are made diverse by switching to…

Q: Positive selection occurs in the _____ and involves _____ thymocytes a. cortex; double-positive…

A: Lymphocytes are mainly classified into T cells and B cells. These cells provide specific immunity…

Q: You want to detect troponin in an immunoblot. Give an example of a potential primary rabbit antibody…

A: Immunoblotting is a sensitive and rapid assay to detect and characterize proteins. It works by…

Q: Describe V(D)J recombination in lymphocytes and how this aids in the fight against infections.

A: There are few important points :  An immunoglobin is tetramer of two light chain and two heavy…

Q: Describe the ways in which HSV-1 differs from HSV-2.

A: The herpes simplex virus leads to viral infection and the categorization depends on the parts…

Q: Which class of antibody crosses the placenta inpregnant women?a. IgMb. IgAc. IgEd. IgG

A: Answer: Introduction: Antibodies are glycoproteins produced by b cells in response to antigen as an…

Q: Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on O all anucleated cells. O…

A: As per our honor code, we are allowed to answer only one ques at a moment. You have posted multiple…

Q: Explain positive and negative selection that occurs during the selection of T-lymphocytes.

A: The immune system is comprised of various cellular and humoral elements such as T, B-lymphocytes,…

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.