Help constructing a concept map? Example provided below.

Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR decreased, and the ratio of autophagy-specific protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3)II/I was higher in the inhibitor-treated injury group than in the simple-injury group. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis, and apoptosis was significantly reduced after the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is involved in the apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury and can induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

Transcribed Image Text:roliteraton marker +indorne M Protectingl normai tunase ve Dn4 intraceriular a Z llulan in micew decreased PUY exp. the VEGF-A reaching celis Situared in vascular Staik cells mediated via VEGFR2 this is stimulates airect migration of tip cens their proliferation througn same receptor So, we nypothesizeq that Teading to thus activarion ot the bi14 notch 1 signaling parhway in mouse rering extracellular VEGF-A gra dients guide the filopodia as activarion of VEGFR2 is interpreted differentiy acrivarion by tip and stalk cells I ot results in VEGF-A Jagged i notch signaling Pafhway in mice retina the regulation of ade quate tip cell formation in response to nighlighting tip cells on retinal váscuiar sprours extend long filopodig the crucial imporrance of a balance bemeen tip and staik cell responses to VEGF-A through in order for Proper control ot vessel sproutning and branching to occur this was tested through Observanon oF NOTCH nduchon in TNRI mouse injeaed shows that Prior research and an accurate balance between miğration of tip cell + proliferarion ot fraik celus is oniy achieved when the correct relarionship berween VE6P-A gradient and concentrarion occurs with with we know that Scrambled PEPHde Jagi Mnscrambled jagi how are tip cells regularea auring sproutihg angiogenesis? (SCJag 1) OxPosed to inhibition 1astly it occurs as a consequence of these combined controll mechanisms Ohr trearment then of mouse eves fxed disectea, and stainea using of Dl4 notchi signaling pathway in mice retina endothelial SPecitic gene deletion ot Notch 1 bY using gamma secretase inhibitors transgenic Notch reporter mouse carries a cBE-I resPonse with a minimal sv40 Promoter enhanced with GFP sequence GFP-Notch-rePorter| meaning ISolecrih B4 control mice were injected with venicié ! then and PPlied wl a dye any cells that have Notch signaling achvared wil turn green - no die or an tibody neCess ary GFP while wild Hpe mice - experimental mice, injecred wl GSI treatment generic inactivaion OF an alleie trom endothelial NOtch ilgand DIL4 wai observed at the tront. was vascular and non observed. In addition, accum ila Hon obs ervea in arreriDies then by I next mice eves were Hxed during various time points in their first week ot lite at 3,b48, or 46 hours an antibody was used to demonstrate in vivo against NIGD then wild type mice and less of funchion mice nav diseded intragastric injection Of Tamokifen inro... qualitications rérformed ar high resolunon and magnificarion 아 1 ve Over then control mice that have fixed DAPT was adminisrered to show the speciticİH of Notch 1 ICD + after N1-ILD was (ocared in EC at sites exposed to IcHon then and Norch mice whe n áve Notch 1 sequMence then Itheir rerinal CUP is harvested while then stained iqser scanning microscope auows us to see imáges they show lac z staining VEGE -A Qll ether mice eyes were disecred ánd stainea Isolecthin 84 irdu labeling mice eyes at 6 hrs were disecrea and Stored in RNA larer then which stains Pagfb MRN A and alows us to Identi tip celus which using Irolectin B4 Brdu labeling GFAP Stainihg showed normal ASTOCNTE hetwor ks in GSI treared and DII4 t/- mice a wrde spread of green cells these I suggesring applicaion oF jag was able +o activate Notch signaling where there grent any are used in Conjunction to distinguish tip and staik cells llows us to disfinguish arteries + veins in green ISOlectin 84 I in order to Run a PGR assat to measure leveis of pdfg-b Lastly in situ hybridization showed refihal paterns of VEGF-A PXpression was normal atter 6 hr of 651 trearment, but shifted to den ser regions after long term BAPT in DI14 +/- hormaily +his leads to a decrease in vascular density endomucin is a and ordu is a thymidine that servei as and which is MEmbrane bOund 91YCOProtein already LO cated in the iumen Of thus a 9INCOprotein from a plaht that bihds to x- d- galactase residues on the surtace ot EG which can be derected through labeting probes or antibodles that stick to targets and allows us to identifH achvely Proliferating cells more Lacz expression :+ Rotch tunction while cells over achve Notch signallng inhibits sprouhng and vascuiar deve lopment oV crall the cell thus can be used as a marker when iabeled with staining s0. when the Epecimen is died the O charged m olecules in A6 will anach to O chareed endo mucin less Lacz expression E normal funcrion Short term eftects of 6slr on tip cell tormarion at the Plexus margin are unlikeiy to be caused vi changes in VEGEA. that is APPlied atter disecrion wl a dre + thus qualitications rértormed at high resolunon and magnificaion short term trearment of DAPT didnt lead to S1gniticant changes in express lons of MRNA in reina then IE rinsed and incubated in nuciear tast red and Finsed again tor tihal product imaging qualitications rérformea at high resoluion and magniticarion 1gser scanning microscope quows us t0 see images so, DI14 notch signaling resricts tip cell formarion creating an adequare ratio berwepn tip and staik cell for APPropvlare prouing and bránching we can conclude iastly while these images and graphs fhow an oveęrall increase in A end othelial cells vascular length, diamerer, density, tip cells, branch morphological and 3" gené expPvession cnanges due to Notch innibitóry 6SIs Increase tip cell humbers 1eading to excessive vascular develo pment * in tip celI expression in DU4 +/- mice with an t in tilopodiai protrusions, vessel branching, pagfb expre ssion and * tip cells in Laczt iqser scanning microscope quows us to see images thus Points, filopodia, erdu pesitive tip cells, and pagt-b positive véssel areg and pagt-b MRNA our nyporhesis was supported next new vesearch can focus on observing tne response ot retinal angjogenésis in bilu +it and -/t miće with thus decreasing Notch 1 signaling increasei vasculature development while decreasing staik ceus VEGE LEVEIS

Question

Help constructing a concept map? Example provided below.

Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR decreased, and the ratio of autophagy-specific protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3)II/I was higher in the inhibitor-treated injury group than in the simple-injury group. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis, and apoptosis was significantly reduced after the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is involved in the apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury and can induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

roliteraton marker
+indorne M Protectingl
normai tunase ve
Dn4 intraceriular a Z llulan
in micew decreased PUY exp.
the
VEGF-A reaching celis
Situared in vascular
Staik cells
mediated via VEGFR2
this is
stimulates
airect migration of
tip cens
their proliferation
througn same
receptor
So, we nypothesizeq that
Teading to
thus
activarion ot the bi14
notch 1 signaling parhway
in mouse rering
extracellular VEGF-A
gra dients guide the
filopodia
as
activarion of VEGFR2
is interpreted differentiy
acrivarion
by
tip and stalk cells
I ot
results in
VEGF-A
Jagged i notch signaling
Pafhway in mice retina
the regulation of
ade quate tip cell
formation
in response to
nighlighting
tip cells on retinal
váscuiar sprours extend
long filopodig
the crucial imporrance
of a balance bemeen
tip and staik cell
responses to VEGF-A
through
in order for
Proper control ot vessel
sproutning and branching
to occur
this was tested
through
Observanon oF NOTCH nduchon in
TNRI mouse injeaed
shows that
Prior research
and
an accurate balance
between miğration of
tip cell + proliferarion ot
fraik celus is oniy
achieved when the
correct relarionship
berween VE6P-A gradient
and concentrarion occurs
with
with
we know that
Scrambled
PEPHde Jagi
Mnscrambled
jagi
how are tip cells
regularea auring
sproutihg angiogenesis?
(SCJag 1)
OxPosed to
inhibition
1astly
it occurs as a
consequence of
these combined
controll mechanisms
Ohr trearment
then
of
mouse eves fxed
disectea, and
stainea
using
of Dl4 notchi signaling
pathway in mice retina
endothelial SPecitic gene
deletion ot Notch 1
bY
using
gamma secretase
inhibitors
transgenic Notch reporter mouse
carries a cBE-I resPonse with a
minimal sv40 Promoter enhanced
with GFP sequence
GFP-Notch-rePorter|
meaning
ISolecrih B4
control mice were injected
with venicié
! then
and
PPlied wl
a dye
any cells that have
Notch signaling
achvared wil turn
green - no die or
an tibody neCess ary
GFP
while
wild Hpe mice - experimental mice,
injecred wl GSI treatment
generic inactivaion OF
an alleie trom endothelial
NOtch ilgand DIL4
wai observed at the
tront.
was
vascular and non
observed. In addition,
accum ila Hon obs ervea in arreriDies
then
by
I next
mice eves were Hxed during
various time points in their
first week ot lite at 3,b48, or
46 hours
an antibody was used to demonstrate
in vivo against NIGD
then
wild type mice
and less of funchion
mice nav diseded
intragastric injection
Of Tamokifen inro...
qualitications
rérformed ar
high resolunon
and magnificarion
아 1
ve Over
then
control mice that have
fixed
DAPT was adminisrered to show
the speciticİH of Notch 1 ICD
+ after
N1-ILD was (ocared in
EC at sites exposed to
IcHon
then
and Norch
mice whe n áve
Notch 1 sequMence
then
Itheir rerinal CUP
is harvested
while
then
stained
iqser scanning
microscope auows
us to see imáges
they show
lac z staining
VEGE -A
Qll ether mice eyes
were disecred ánd
stainea
Isolecthin
84
irdu labeling
mice eyes at
6 hrs were
disecrea and
Stored in RNA
larer
then
which
stains Pagfb
MRN A and
alows us to
Identi tip
celus
which
using
Irolectin B4
Brdu labeling
GFAP Stainihg showed
normal ASTOCNTE
hetwor ks in GSI treared
and DII4 t/- mice
a wrde spread of green cells
these
I suggesring
applicaion oF jag was able
+o activate Notch signaling
where there grent any
are used in
Conjunction to
distinguish tip
and staik cells
llows us to
disfinguish
arteries
+ veins
in green
ISOlectin
84
I in order to
Run a PGR assat
to measure leveis
of pdfg-b
Lastly
in situ hybridization showed
refihal paterns of VEGF-A
PXpression was normal atter
6 hr of 651 trearment, but
shifted to den ser regions
after long term BAPT in
DI14 +/-
hormaily
+his leads to
a decrease in vascular density
endomucin
is a
and
ordu is a thymidine
that servei as
and
which is
MEmbrane bOund
91YCOProtein already
LO cated in the iumen
Of
thus
a 9INCOprotein
from a plaht that
bihds to x- d-
galactase residues
on the surtace
ot EG
which can be derected
through labeting probes
or antibodles that stick
to targets and allows
us to identifH achvely
Proliferating cells
more Lacz expression
:+ Rotch tunction
while
cells
over achve Notch signallng
inhibits sprouhng and vascuiar
deve lopment
oV crall
the cell thus can be
used as a marker
when iabeled with
staining
s0. when the
Epecimen is died the
O charged m olecules in
A6 will anach to O
chareed endo mucin
less Lacz expression
E normal funcrion
Short term eftects of 6slr
on tip cell tormarion at the
Plexus margin are unlikeiy
to be caused vi changes in
VEGEA.
that is
APPlied atter
disecrion wl a
dre
+ thus
qualitications
rértormed at
high resolunon
and magnificaion
short term trearment
of DAPT didnt lead to
S1gniticant changes
in express lons of
MRNA in reina
then
IE rinsed and incubated
in nuciear tast red and
Finsed again tor tihal
product imaging
qualitications
rérformea at
high resoluion
and magniticarion
1gser scanning
microscope quows
us t0 see images
so,
DI14 notch signaling resricts
tip cell formarion creating
an adequare ratio berwepn
tip and staik cell for
APPropvlare prouing and
bránching
we can
conclude
iastly
while
these images and graphs
fhow an oveęrall increase
in
A end othelial cells
vascular length, diamerer,
density, tip cells, branch
morphological and
3" gené expPvession cnanges
due to Notch innibitóry
6SIs Increase tip cell
humbers 1eading to
excessive vascular
develo pment
* in tip celI
expression in DU4 +/-
mice with an t in
tilopodiai protrusions,
vessel branching,
pagfb expre ssion and
* tip cells in Laczt
iqser scanning
microscope quows
us to see images
thus
Points, filopodia, erdu pesitive
tip cells, and pagt-b positive
véssel areg and pagt-b
MRNA
our nyporhesis was supported
next
new vesearch can focus on
observing tne response ot retinal
angjogenésis in bilu +it and -/t
miće with
thus
decreasing Notch 1 signaling
increasei vasculature
development while
decreasing staik ceus
VEGE LEVEIS

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis and autophagy both plays an important role in case of cancer biology within the cell and…