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- Urea formation is energetically expensive, requiring theexpenditure of 4 mol of ATP per mole of urea formed.However, NADH is produced when fumarate is reconvertedto aspartate. How many ATP molecules are produced bythe mitochondrial oxidation of the NADH? What is the netATP requirement for urea synthesis?Assume that all carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both alanine and aspartate are labelledwith radioisotopes. Then, the radioisotope-labelled alanine and aspartate molecules areallowed to undergo metabolism in the liver. All carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both ureaand glutamine are found to be labelled with radioisotopes. Please write down the metabolicreactions that lead to the incorporation of radioisotope-labelled carbon and nitrogen atoms intourea and glutamine.Including the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase step (CPS I) and the four steps of the urea cycle, how many ATP equivalents (phosphoanhydride bonds) are utilized to drive the formation of one urea molecule?
- Assume that all carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both alanine and aspartate are labelled with radioisotopes. Then, the radioisotope-labelled alanine and aspartate molecules areallowed to undergo metabolism in the liver. All carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both ureaand glutamine are found to be labelled with radioisotopes. Please write down the metabolic reactions that lead to the incorporation of radioisotope-labelled carbon and nitrogen atoms into urea and glutamine.How is the urea cycle linked to the citric acid cycle? Write the net equation of the urea cycle and indicate whether energy is produced or consumed by the cycle. What type of damage occurs if there is a defect in the urea cycle?Outline the path of 2 molecules of alanine to 1 molecule of glucose using alanine dehydrogenase and other processes or pathways you know. Determine the net reaction and make sure you include both the necessary cofactors AND the handling of the ammonia by the urea cycle.
- What is a diauxic shift, a term that is used in referenceto microorganisms in cell culture? Where does it occurin glucose metabolism?Define each of the following metabolic processes and write notes on importance and regulation of each. WRITE IN A CLEAR AND LONGER FORM (A) Krebs-Henseleit (Urea) cycle. (B) Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.Citrullene is a special amino acid that is used in the urea cycle and as a precursor for synthesis of the aminoacid Arg in the body. In which category would you place citrullene? Explain.
- Which metabolic pathway do you conclude the supplement selenium to most directly affect or interact with? This could be any pathway in primary metabolism, proteolysis, lipolysis or other catabolic pathway associated with metabolic activity. Be specific with the pathway please and thank you!A cat named Lucullus is so spoiled that he willeat nothing but freshly opened canned tuna. Another cat, Griselda, isgiven only dry cat food by her far less indulgent owner. Canned tunais essentially all protein, whereas dry cat food can be considered 70%carbohydrate and 30% protein. Assuming that these animals haveno other sources of food, what can you say about the differences andsimilarities in their catabolic activities?Argininosuccinic aciduria is a condition that results when the urea-cycle enzyme argininosuccinase is deficient. Argininosuccinate is present in the blood and urine. Suggest how this condition might be treated while still removing nitrogen from the body.