How many of the following statements are true? • Formal charge can be used to pick the best Lewis structure amongst 2 choices. • For a species having three resonance structures, it is best to think of the species to exist as each of these structures one- third of the time, and switching between those three structures • Resonance structures involve changes to the sigma bonds. 02

How many of the following statements are true? • Formal charge can be used to pick the best Lewis structure amongst 2 choices. • For a species having three resonance structures, it is best to think of the species to exist as each of these structures one- third of the time, and switching between those three structures • Resonance structures involve changes to the sigma bonds. 02

Chemistry: Principles and Practice

3rd Edition

ISBN:9780534420123

Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer

Publisher:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer

Chapter9: Chemical Bonds

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 9.61QE

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Define formal charge and explain how to calculate it. What is the purpose of the formal charge? Organic compounds are composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen but also may have oxygen, nitrogen, and/or halogens in the formula. Formal charge arguments work very well for organic compounds when drawing the best Lewis structure. How do C, H, N, O, and Cl satisfy the octet rule in organic compounds so as to have a formula charge of zero?
Predict die molecular structure and bond angles for each molecule or ion in Exercises 88 and 94. a. POCl3, SO42, XeO4, PO43, ClO4 b. NF3, SO32, PO33, ClO3 c.ClO2, SCl2, PCl2 d. Considering your answers to parts a, b, and c. what conclusions can you draw concerning the structures of species containing the same number of atoms and the same number of valence electrons? (O3), sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide.
Several Lewis structures can be written for perbromate ion, , the central Br with all single Br—O bonds, or with one, two, or three Br=O double bonds. Draw the Lewis structures of these possible resonance structures, and use formal charges to predict which makes the greatest contribution to the resonance hybrid.
Chloromethane has the Lewis structure _______________________________ The carbon atom is sharing 4 electron pairs. In each shared pair the carbon atom “owns” 1 electron. The number of electrons that “belong” to carbon is ___. Carbon, being a Group ___ element would have 4 , outer shell electrons in the unbonded, neutral state. Therefore, the carbon atom in chloromethane has a formal charge of zero.
Some chemists believe that satisfaction of the octet ruleshould be the top criterion for choosing the dominant Lewisstructure of a molecule or ion. Other chemists believe thatachieving the best formal charges should be the top criterion.Consider the dihydrogen phosphate ion, H2PO4-, inwhich the H atoms are bonded to O atoms. (a) What is thepredicted dominant Lewis structure if satisfying the octetrule is the top criterion? (b) What is the predicted dominantLewis structure if achieving the best formal charges is the topcriterion?
The structure of borazine, B3N3H6, is a six-membered ringof alternating B and N atoms. There is one H atom bondedto each B and to each N atom. The molecule is planar.(a) Write a Lewis structure for borazine in which the formalcharge on every atom is zero. (b) Write a Lewis structurefor borazine in which the octet rule is satisfied forevery atom. (c) What are the formal charges on the atomsin the Lewis structure from part (b)? Given the electronegativitiesof B and N, do the formal charges seem favorableor unfavorable? (d) Do either of the Lewis structuresin parts (a) and (b) have multiple resonance structures?(e) What are the hybridizations at the B and N atoms inthe Lewis structures from parts (a) and (b)? Would you expectthe molecule to be planar for both Lewis structures?(f) The six B—N bonds in the borazine molecule are allidentical in length at 1.44 Å. Typical values for the bondlengths of B¬N single and double bonds are 1.51 Å and1.31 A°, respectively. Does the value of the B—N…
(a) Describe the molecule xenon trioxide, XeO3, usingfour possible Lewis structures, one each with zero, one,two, or three Xe¬O double bonds. (b) Do any of theseresonance structures satisfy the octet rule for every atomin the molecule? (c) Do any of the four Lewis structureshave multiple resonance structures? If so, how many resonancestructures do you find? (d) Which of the Lewisstructures in part (a) yields the most favorable formalcharges for the molecule?
“Inert” xenon actually forms several compounds, especially with the highly electronegative elements oxygen and fluorine.The simple fluorides XeF₂, XeF₄, and XeF₆ are all formed by di-rect reaction of the elements. As you might expect from the sizeof the xenon atom, the Xe-F bond is not a strong one. Calcu-late the Xe-F bond energy in XeF₆, given that the heat of for-mation is 402 kJ/mol.
Represent the bonding in SF2 (FUSUF) with Lewis diagrams. Include the formal charges on all atoms. The dimer of this compound has the formula S2F4. It was isolated in 1980 and shown to have the structure F3SUSF. Draw a possible Lewis diagram to represent the bonding in the dimer, indicating the formal charges on all atoms. Is it possible to draw a Lewis diagram for S2F4 in which all atoms have valence octets? Explain why or why not.
Draw possible Lewis structures and using formal charge determine the best one for [AsSiSe]-. Show FC for ALL structures and then explain why you chose the one that is best.
Despite many attempts, the perbromate ion (BrO₄⁻) was not prepared in the laboratory until about 1970. (In fact, articleswere published explaining theoretically why it could never beprepared!) Draw a Lewis structure for BrO₄⁻ in which all atoms have lowest formal charges.
Write down the Lewis dot structures of each of the following molecules. Check the formal charge in each case and make use of it to decide on the correct structure where necessary. In cases where delocalised bonding occurs show all the resonance forms. In each case show all steps in arriving at the structure.a) CH2Cl2b) CH3CH2NH3+(here the 3 H atoms are attached to one C atom, and 2 H atoms and a Natom to the other C atom)c) CH3NNN (here 3 H atoms and 1 N are attached to the C atom and the N atoms form a 3atom chain). [Challenging: hint, share leftover electron pairs equally between the two Natoms in the middle after you have completed the octet on the end N]d) NCl3e) ClO3−(chlorate anion = chlorine bonded to 3 oxygen atoms, Hint: Cl does not obey theoctet configuration)