HOW Ribosomes and Charged tRNAsCollaborate to Translate mRNAsinto Polypeptides?

Q: How is RNA splicing similar to how you would watcha recorded television show? What would introns be?

A: In eukaryotes the template strand of DNA gets transcribed into pre-mRNA by the process known as…

Q: How and why are eukaryotic mRNAs transported and localized to discrete regions of the cell?

A: DNA is the genetic material that houses the genetic information.

Q: Give the structure of transcription in eukaryotes?

A: Eukaryotic transcription is the intricate mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to copy genetic…

Q: Describe how eukaryotic mRNA is processed

A: The central dogma of molecular biology briefs that DNA has instructions to synthesise proteins which…

Q: How does a mRNA molecule carry information from DNA?

A: mRNA is a single stranded rna molecule that is complementary to the DNA strands of a gene. mRNA…

Q: How Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs ?

A: Translation occurs in four phases: activation (prepare), initiation (start), elongation(make longer)…

Q: Describe the various post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that occur during the…

A: Post-transcriptional modifications are those modifications that occur after the completion of…

Q: How do we know that mRNA exists and serves as an intermediate between information encoded in DNA and…

A: It was found that DNA did not directly produce proteins, but instead mRNA transcript is utilized…

Q: Describe in discrete steps how a polyadenylation signal contributes to the formation of a mature…

A: Answer: Introduction: Eukaryotic cellular process is regulated in the transcription process and RNA…

Q: How does it improve the efficiency of protein synthesis to have several binding sites for tRNA close…

A: Translation is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a…

Q: How are introns spliced out to make mature RNA?

A: Introns are the non-coding sequence in the DNA. These sequences are also transcribed into mRNA.…

Q: Distinguish lncRNAs from coding (mRNA) transcripts ?

A: The ribonucleotides are formed by crosslinking three chemicals namely orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4),…

Q: Define about steady-state level of an mRNA ?

A: Answer- The mRNA is produced by the process of transcription reaction that happens in the nucleus of…

Q: Where on the ribosome do tRNAs bind, and what isthe energy source that supports translocation?

A: Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cells and are the sites where the process of protein…

Q: How is the free energy associated with ATP hydrolysis used to power splicing?

A: Generally ,The energy free from the hydrolysis of nucleotide into ADP Utilizing to perform cellular…

Q: How does histone acetyltransferase affect nucleosome structure and transcription?

A: Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine residuals on histone…

Q: What is the principal difference between the binding ofsiRNA and miRNA with mRNA?

A: siRNA are also known as small interfering RNA or silencing RNA. These are double stranded non-coding…

Q: Describe how eukaryotic mRNA molecules are processedand exported to the cytoplasm.

A: In eukaryotes, the strand of mRNA performs several processing procedures before it is exported out…

Q: How Sequence-Specific RNA Binding Proteins Can Regulate RNA Splicing?

A: Step 1 Most of the eukaryotic mRNAs contain non-coding segments called introns or intervening…

Q: Define the pre-mRNA & mRNA spliceforms of Cassette exons ?

A: Cassette exon splicing is also known as exon skipping and is the most prevalent form of alternative…

Q: How is mRNA edited?

A: RNA or ribonucleic acid is a polymer of ribonucleotides connected together via a phosphodiester…

Q: Define about cis-regulatory sequences on the mRNA ?

A: mRNA - It has the tripartite structure with a 5' untranslated region( UTR), and coding region…

Q: What is the evidence that some mRNAs are directed to accumulate in specific subcellular locations?

A: mRNA is te transcribed product of the DNA and has an important role in defining the genetic…

Q: What role does the poly(A) tail play in mRNA function?

A: Polyadenylation is a process in which poly (A) tail is added to the 3' end of the newly synthesized…

Q: How protein activity can be modulated by alternative splicing ?

A: The process of selecting distinct combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor…

Q: How do siRNAs and miRNAs target specific mRNAs for degradation or for the repression of translation?

A: MicroRNAs or miRNAs are a group of small (about 22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs that participate in…

Q: What are the three primary regions of mRNA sequences in bacterial cells?

A: DNA carries the genetic information for the protein production in the body. DNA decoded into mRNA,…

Q: Define the pre-mRNA & mRNA spliceforms of Mutuallyexclusive exons ?

A: A gene is the essential physical and functional unit of heredity. They are comprised of DNA…

Q: How many different polypeptides can be producedthrough alternative splicing of the same pre-mRNA?

A: Maturation of eukaryotic mRNA often entails the removal of RNA sequences (introns or intervening…

Q: Draw the structural genes of produce Mrna and enzymmes?

A: A structural gene is the gene that encodes for any RNA, enzyme, or protein product other than…

Q: How many amino acids will the mRNA sequence "AUG GAC CUG UCG UGA" produce?

A: Each codon in mRNA is made up of three nucleotides, and each codon indicates a certain amino acid…

Q: how histones and micro RNA control gene expression?

A: Histones are a family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it…

Q: How to know the sequence of all mRNAs ?

A: For the determination of the gene sequence that is based on the template of mRNA, we need to do the…

Q: Define the importance of zip code in actin mRNA 3'-UTR ?

A: The zip codes lacks the similarity at the levels either the primary or the secondary structures.…

Q: How does tmRNA free stalled ribosomes?

A: Bacteria synthesize a small RNA known as tmRNA. The tmRNA helps to frees stalled ribosomes. The term…

Q: Define the pre-mRNA & mRNA spliceforms of Intron retention ?

A: Pre-mRNA is defined as the first transcript that occurs from a gene that is protein coding in…

Q: What would be the minimum length(approximate number of bases) of an mRNAthat coded for a protein 300…

A: To determine: To determine the required minimum length of an mRNA that is coded for a protein of 300…

Q: What is a polycistronic mRNA? How are polycistronic mRNAs formed?

A: Answer:Introduction: Polycistronic mRNA means messenger RNA means mRNA containing data  for the…

Q: What protein sequence would a cell make from the following mRNA? 5'- CCAUGCACCAAUAGAUAACCG-3' O PCTN…

A: During the translation, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is translated into a sequence of…

Q: How does the ribosome choreograph all the movements required for translation?

A: A ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine that helps produce proteins in cells. It…

Q: What is the first anticodon recruited to an mRNA?

A: A genetic code translates the genetic information encoded within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or…

Q: How does the poly(A) tail affect mRNA stability?

A: The mRNA molecule refers to the messenger RNA molecule, which plays a role in the synthesis of…

Q: What binds the zip code of actin mRNAs in the nucleus ?

A: Zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is responsible for managing the mechanism of the formation of…

Q: How mRNAs are often translated immediately and degraded ?

A: RNA is the short form for Ribonucleic acid, and it is an important biological macromolecule found in…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.