If in an animal cell the Jequilibrium potentials|* of sodium and potassium are essentially equal then at resting potential the Idriving force| of [ Select ] v is greater. We can infer from this that the resistance to flow through [ Select ] is greater. *|x[ mean absolute value, so for instance |-20| = |20||
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Options for first answer= sodium or potassium.
Options for the second answer= potassium channels or sodium channels
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- One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under normal physiological conditions: 4 mM serum potassium, 135 mM intracellular potassium, 37.1 °C, and resting potential -82 mV. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under disturbed conditions of 2 mM serum potassium. Assume all other parameters remain the same. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. What factors could limit the continued action of the sodium/potassium pump when only 2 mM potassium is present in the blood plasma? Note that under normal physiological conditions, the cell interior contains 11 mM sodium and the blood contains 140 mM sodium.At the peak of the action potential, Vm is approximately -65 mV. Assuming normal intracellular and extracellular K+ concentrations (refer to the table), (1) calculate the driving force (in mV) that acts on K+ ions and (2) use the information obtained in part 1 to determine the direction in which K+ ions will flow (i.e., into the cell or out of cell)
- Reducing the saline [Cl-] from 550 mM to 350 mM resulted in a change in the reversal potential of a crustacean muscle IPSP from -66 mV to -55 mV. Resting potential remained unchanged at -60 mV. What can you deduce about the ionic mechanisms of the IPSP?The typical distribution of K+ and Na+ ions inside and outside the cell is: [K+]in = 150 mM; [K+]out = 5 mM; [Na+]in = 10 mM; [Na+]out = 150 mM What are reversal potentials for Na+ and K+ at 25oC ? What should be the ratios of PNa/PK at (i) rest (-60 mV) and (ii) during the action potential (+20 mV) to generate a spike from -60 to +20 mV. Use the short form of Goldman equation.Calculate: The equilibrium potential for potassium at room temp The equilibrium potential for sodium at room temp Resting membrane potential of this neuron at room temperature
- The membrane potential for an excitable cell membrane is -70 mV, for sodium ions the Nernst equilibrium potential is +50 mV, the conductivity of the single sodium channel is 10 pS. What is the electrochemical potential difference that is the driving force for sodium ions to migrate? How much current flows through an open sodium channel under these conditions?Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 °C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.10 M on the “right side” and 0.01 M on the “left side”, given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (-). (a) Membrane permeable only to Na+ (b) Membrane permeable only to Cl– (c) Membrane equally permeable to both ionsA cell has an actual membrane potential (Em) at rest of -75mV. The equilibrium potential for Na+ is +120mV and the equilibrium potential for K+ is -95mV. Calculate the net driving force for Na+ in mV.
- Muscle Contraction In an experiment, the strength of a neural stimulus and the resulting muscle contraction are compared. A single motor neuron that synapses with one muscle fiber is observed in this experiment. One end of the muscle fiber is attached to a mass. The following data was obtained from the experiment. *attached document is chart with data 1. Does the data in the table provide sufficient evidence of the value for the threshold potential? Why or why not 2.a) A student remarked that at 180 mV of stimulus, it is expected that 100 g mass is lifted by the muscle fiber.b)Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not? 3.Identify the manipulated, responding and controlled variables in the experiment described above a) strength of stimulus ________ (manipulated, responding, or controlled) b) number of mucsle fibre stimulated _____ (maniuplated, repsonding, or controlled) c) mass lifted by muscle contraction ______ (manipulated, responding or controlled) 4. How would you modify this…Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the forces and ion fluxes at different membrane potentials for a ligand-gated channel that is equally permeable to both ion X+ and ion Y+. The equilibrium potential for ion X+ is -60 mV, and the equilibrium potential for ion Y+ is -20 mV. Which item best represents the forces and fluxes for a membrane potential of -20 mV?Membrane potential in cells is constantly fluctuating. These fluctuations are called graded potentials and we will learn more about them in future lectures. Look at the fluctuating graded potential in the graph as an example. If Cl- generally has a relatively low membrane permeability, how would increasing Cl- permeability affect this graph?