If once vaccinated, a person cannot catch a cold or give a cold to someone else, the marginal social benefit resulting from consumption of the vaccine: O equals the marginal benefit received by consumers of the vaccine in a competitive equilibrium. O equals the marginal social cost of producing the vaccine in a competitive equilibrium. O is less than the marginal benefit received by consumers of the vaccine. exceeds the marginal benefit received by consumers of the vaccine.
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- Suppose the demand for standard sized bottled water in the US is Qd=120-30.5P where Qd is monthly quantity demanded in millions and P is the price per bottle in dollars and cents. If the marginal private cost (MPC) of producing the bottled water is one dollar, calculate the market equilibrium quantity. Explain what a constant marginal cost implies. Does that mean the total opportunity cost of producing bottled water is unrelated to how many are produced? Let’s assume that the marginal private benefit (MPB) of bottled water equals the marginal social benefit (MSB). Explain what that means. At the equilibrium calculated in part A, what do you know about buyers’ willingness to pay in each transaction?Public Goods. Suppose a neighborhood in Segovia’s central business area is deciding how many fountains they want to see in the main avenue. There is a first group of 20 neighbors and each has a demand Q = 20 − P for fountains. There is a second group of 5 people, and each has a demand Q = 20 − 2P for fountains. The cost of building each fountain is 225. How many fountains are socially optimal? Fountains are public goods. Hint: To obtain the SMB, please first transform the demand functions into “public goods’ valuations” (“isolate P”) and then multiply them by the amount of neighbors per group. Then you can proceed with the vertical summation.Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off tradable pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of chemicals per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 140 million pollution permits. Given this quantity of permits, the price for each permit in the market for pollution rights will be $----- . The previous analysis hinges on the government having good information regarding either the demand for pollution permits or the optimal level of pollution (or both). Given that the appropriate policy (tradable permits or corrective taxes) can depend on the available information and the policy goal, consider the following scenario. Suppose the government knows the optimal quantity of pollution as well as how much it costs a particular polluting firm to reduce pollution at each…
- Consider two consumers with preferences Where Ti is the tax levied in jurisdiction i and Gi is public good provision. Assume a2 > a1. The level of public good in each region is decided by majority voting of its residents. If there are two residents, assume that the supply is the average of the preferred quantities of the residents. a. Show that the preferred quantity of public good for consumer h if they locate in jurisdiction i is given by Gh = niah; where ni is the jurisdiction population. b. Assuming consumers correctly predict the consequences of location choice, show that there is no equilibrium if c. Show that there is an equilibrium if consumers take provision levels as given.Do you believe higher education provides our economy with a positive externality? Why or why not? Do you believe the steps that the federal government takes to encourage the socially optimal amount of higher education be produced/consumed is appropriate? Too much? Too little? Why? (Use appropriate economic theory to support your position.) 2. Explain why according to the theory of rational ignorance, an individual will decide not to participate in the election process (vote).Consider the production and sale of Good B. Suppose that the “Social Value” of each unit of Good B is greater than the “Willingness to Pay” of the individual who consumes that unit. There are NO externalities associated with the production or consumption of Good B, and Good B is sold in a competitive market. Suppose that the “Efficient” level of output for Good B is 400,000 units. Is the market equilibrium level of output greater than 400,000, less than 400,000, or equal to 400,000 ( just circle your answer; you don’t have to explain)?
- Consider an economy with a private good and public good. The economyconsists of two consumers whose utility functions are:u1(x1, y) = 1/2 ln x1 +1/2 ln y and u2(x2, y) = 1/3 ln x2 +2/3 ln y.The endowment of consumer 1 is w1 = 2, and endowment of consumer 2 is w2 = 3, both in units of private goods. The production of public good uses the linear technology y = z. 1. Find Lindahl equilibrium.P = 500 - 4Q and the (inverse ) 2. Consider the market for automobiles Let the (inverse ) market demand function be market supply function be P = - 100 + 2Q Plot the demand and supply functions and show the market equilibrium Find the equilibrium output and price in this market and show it on your graph Consumption of automobiles (driving behavior of buyers) generate negative external effects on others in society because emissions associated with driving and any increase in the probability of automobile accidents (let us assume more cars on the road lead to a higher probability of automobile accidents). Assume that the marginal external loss/damage to society from the consumption of a car is worth $60. Using the information given above, construct the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost curves as necessary d. Now calculate the efficient number of cars that should be sold and bought in the market e. Identify the net efficiency loss to society from the market level of cars…Which of the following statements is correct? a.) Economic analyses can often do a reasonable job of evaluating the net benefits from some re-allocation of environmental resources. Policymakers should thus feel comfortable in choosing among alternative policies according to whichever one yields the highest net benefits. b.)Basic benefit-cost analysis, as typically practiced in the U.S., assumes that the marginal value of an extra dollar of net benefits is the same for everyone. c.)All socially optimal allocations are efficient, but the reverse is not true. d.)There is always a tradeoff between efficiency and equity. A reallocation of environmental resources that improves efficiency cannot also improve equity, and vice versa.
- Consider the market for flu vaccines, in which consumption causes positive externalities by creating herd immunity. Quantity supplied is given by Qs=2+2*P Marginal Private Benefit (determines individual demand of consumers of the vaccine i.e. the benefit from not getting sick) is given by Qd=60.5-2.5*MBP. Marginal Social Costs (MPC plus the benefits of externalities) is given by Qd=69.5-2.5*MSB. Plot these 3 curves on a graph with 6 points at P=11,12,13,14,15,16. What is the deadweight loss if only free-market forces are at play (i.e. externalities are not considered by the consumers)? How much should the subsidy be to bring the market to efficient equilibrium?Scenario 3 Suppose there are one hundred residents in a neighborhood, and each resident has an identical demand for a public good. The demand for each resident is given by P = 2 - .01Q. If your answer is not a whole number, please make sure to round to the nearest hundredth. Refer to Scenario 3. Find the social demand curve for the public good in this neighborhood. What is the y-intercept of the social demand curve?Q=100-P Costs $6 to purchase a pack of cigarettes each pack smoked does $6 worth of health damage and $5 worth of secondhand health damage All consumers are aware of these costs 1. Due to an introduction of a hyper-effective tobacco fertilizer, the cost of producing a pack of cigaretts decreases to $1. How does this affect the level of smoking and the level of social loss? 2. suppose the government decides to pursue a Pigovian solution to eliminte social loss. What sort of of tax or subsidy would they implement and what is the resulting quantity of cigarette packs purchased? 3. In the case of the Coase Theorem, it is said that the socially efficient level of smokeing will occur without government intervention. how are property rights established and why might the Coase Theorem not apply in this setting?