If the reaction to form cyanohydrins from substituted benzaldehydes exhibits a Hammett P value of +2.33. Which is the correct ranking (1 is the slowest. 4 is the fastest) for the rates of cyanohydrin formation of the following aldehydes (Substituent constants, 6, for each aldehyde are given in parentheses). ? (+0.34) (4) F (+0.10) Me O О Correct ranking i is # H Correct ranking is # F3C (+0.53) H Correct ranking is # О MeO. (-0.12) H Correct ranking is #
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- Using the pKa values of the conjugate acids of the leaving groups (the pKa of HBr is -9, and the pKa of H2O is 15.7), explain the difference in reactivity between CH3Br and CH3OH in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.i) Primary amines react rapidly with acid chlorides. Illustrate such a reaction by drawing the curly arrow mechanism for the reaction between butylamine and benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl). 2. What kind of carbonyl compound is produced? 3. In the above experiment, why is a non-nucleophilic base such as triethylamine typically added to the reaction mixture?The hydrocarbon fluorene was treated with potassium t-butoxide in an acid-base reaction, giving the fluorenide anion and t-butyl alcohol. (a) Which way does the equilibrium lie, and by how much? b) What is the proportion of the fluorenide anion to fluorene? (c) Why is fluorene so highly acidic, considering the pKa of an average alkane is above 50?
- if 6.1 ml of tert-butyl-chloride and a correct stoichiometric molar ratio of biphenyl are involved in the friedel crafts alkylation reaction, what is the percent yield if 6.157 grams of tert-butylbiphenyl are synthesized and isolated? Round the answer to the nearest hundreth.1) 1-bromobutane will undergo reactions when heated, as shown by reactions A and B CH3CH2CH2CH2Br A B CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH=CH2 a)For reactions A and B give the reagents used in each case.b)Reaction A was repeated using 1-iodobutane instead of 1-bromobutane, Explain any difference in therate of reaction observed.C)What type of organic reaction is A?d) Show the mechanism for reaction Ae)Reaction A was repeated with 2-bromo-2-methylpropane instead of 1-bromobutane.i)Name the organic compound formedii) The mechanism of the reaction with 2-bromo-2-methylpropane differs from the mechanism ofreaction A. Describe how the mechanisms differ.f)What type of reaction is B?g)If reaction B was repeated with 2-bromobutane, name the other organic products that can form aswell…Acetic acid can also react as a very weak base (pKb = 20). Two different sites on acetic acid might become protonated to give the conjugate acid. Draw both of these possible conjugate acids, and explain (resonance) why the correct one is more stable. Calculate the pKa of this conjugate acid.
- The pKa of protonated acetone is about -7.5, and the pKa of protonated hydroxylamine is 6.0. a. In a reaction with hydroxylamine at pH 4.5, a.what fraction of acetone is present in its acidic, protonated form? b. In a reaction with hydroxylamine at pH 1.5, what fraction of acetone is present in its acidic, protonated form? c. In a reaction with acetone at pH 1.5, what fraction of hydroxylamine is present in its reactive basic form?The existence of the NIH shift was established by determining the major product obtained from rearrangement of the following arene oxide, in which a hydrogen has been replaced by a deuterium. a. What would be the major product if the NIH shift occurs? b. What would be the major product if the carbocation forms phenol by losing H+ or D+, rather than by going through the NIH shift?If 7.1 ml of tert-butyl chloride are involved in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction, how many moles of tert-butyl chloride are present? and how many moles of biphenyl are needed for a correct stoichiometric molar ratio for the reaction?
- 1. Esters can be synthesized from the nucleophilic substitution reaction of anhydrides and alcohol in the presence of a base give a complete mechanism and the final product for the reaction below 2. using appropriate illustrations, explain what is meant by the tetrahedral transition state( also indicate the geometry for the starting material and product).In the following three compounds(1,2,3) arrange their relative reactivity towards the reagent CH3Cl / AlCl3. and justify it.A. In the synthesis of 1-bromobutane, what is the inorganic by-product left in the reaction flask following the distillation? Why was the bromoalkane the bottom layer in the separatory funnel? B. Predict the product when 1-methylcyclohexanol reacts with H2SO4 and KBr. Show the mechanism.