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- 1. provide three reasons why most of the research on carotenoids concentrates on b-carotene. 2. draw the retinol ester that has stearic acid as the carboxylic acid portion of its structure.1. Why is β-carotene less polar than chlorophyll b? Mention any TWO functional groups which make chlorophyll b more polar than carotene. 2. What is the degree of unsaturation of a β-carotene molecule?1.The specific rotation of a sample of mandelic acid [PhCH(OH)CO2H] is -9.48° and of pure S-(-)- mandelic acid is -158°. Calculate the (1) % optical purity, (2) ee, (3) % composition and (4) draw a clear stereo-structure for S-(-)-mandelic acid. 2. Explain each of the following concepts: a)positional isomerism b) Newman projection formula c) Chemoselectivity 3. use the molecular formula C4H8O2 to illustrate the following isomers: a) (+)-gauche and antiperiplanar b) chain isomer c) Enantiomer d) Cis-and Trans cycloalkanes
- In observing a Haworth or cyclohexane-chair representation of alpha-d-glucopyranose, the anomeric carbon can de best identified by: a) the carbon atom which is bonded to the most H atoms b) the carbon atom which is bonded to the least H atoms c) The carbon atom which has its OH group pointing down d) The carbon atom which is bonded to two oxygen atoms Cellulose differs from amylose in that: a) cellulose has 1-6 branches while amylose does not b) amylose has 1-6 branches while cellulose does not c) amylose has alpha glycosidic bonds while cellulose has beta glycosidic bonds d) cellulose contains sulfate while amylose does not. The glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide) which is not normally associated with joint tissue is: a) heparin b) keratan sulfate c) chondroitin sulfate d) hyaluronic acid In glycoproteins, which amino acid does not bond sugar molecules? a) Asn b) Ser c) Thr d) Gly Which feature do all lipid molecules share in common? a) fatty acid molecules…The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C4H8O2): C2H6O + CH3COOH What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate? condensation hydrolysis combustion acid-base reactionIV. Draw the Fischer projection formula for the enantiomer of each of the following monosaccharides.
- 1The sugar alcohol often used in “sugarless” gums and candies is L-sorbitol. Much of this alcohol is prepared by reduction of D-glucose. Compare these two structures and explain how this can be.59. Arrange the following five hydrocarbons in order of increasing of boiling pointA. 2-methylhexane B. heptane C. 3,3-dimethylpentandeD. Hexane E. 2-methylpentanceGive at least 10 examples of biological compounds having an alkyne functional group and identify the biochemical importance of each compound.
- 1. Halogenation depends on which concept? a. presence of double bond in the glycerol portion b. presence of double bond in the fatty acid portion c. presence of carboxylic acid groups d. reactivity of potassium ions 2. Why do lipids with long chain fatty acids have lower saponification value? a. they are linear in structure, thus it is difficult to saponify b. they have lower number of carboxyl group per 1 gram of sample c. they require less amount of KOH during titration d. they require less HCL during back titration 3. Melting point: what happens when the carbon chain length of fatty acids become shorter? a. increased melting point b. decrease melting point c. no changeAcetone, CH3–(C=0) –CH3, and urea, NH2–(C=0)–NH2, have similar chemical structures. (a) Compare the possible intermolecular forces for acetone with those for urea. (b) Compare the intermolecular forces between phycocyanin and acetone with those between phycocyanin and water. Briefly explain how acetone disrupts the folding in phycocyanin. (c) Compare the intermolecular forces between phycocyanin and urea with those between phycocyanin and water. Briefly explain how urea disrupts the folding in phycocyanin. (d) Compare your experimental observation on the disruption of phycocyanin folding in the presence of acetone with that in the presence of urea. Briefly explain whether your comparison is consistent with the properties of acetone and urea.The linear tripeptides are formed from the following three amino acids as the starting materials in the condensation reaction. Select the correct statement: (a) There are 27 possible tripeptides and among them, 13 tripeptides are optically active. (b) There are 26 possible tripeptides and all are optically active. (c) There are 27 possible tripeptides and among them, 26 tripeptides are optically active. (d) There are 26 possible tripeptides and among them, 15 tripeptides are optically active.