In a case-control study researchers investigated whether there was an association between living near a high-hazard dump site versus a low-hazard dump site and risk of having a low birth weight child. The study found that in a group of women living near a high-hazard dump site while pregnant there were 181 low birth weight children and 4268 normal birth weight children. Corresponding numbers for women living near a low-hazard dump site were 126 and 4236, respectively. a. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses. b. Estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Interpret the result and say what the interval tells us about statistical significance. 20. 19
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- In a study of exhaust emissions from school buses, the pollution intake by passengers was determined for a sample of nine school buses used in the Southern California Air Basin. The pollution intake is the amount of exhaust emissions, in grams per person per million grams emitted, that would be inhaled while traveling on the bus during its usual 18-mile18-mile trip on congested freeways from South Central LA to a magnet school in West LA. (In comparison, a city of 11 million people will inhale a total of about 1212 grams of exhaust per million grams emitted.) The amounts for the nine buses when driven with the windows open are given in the table. 1.15 0.33 0.40 0.33 1.35 0.38 0.25 0.40 0.35 A good way to judge the effect of outliers is to do your analysis twice, once with the outliers and a second time without them. Give the 90%90% confidence interval with all the data for the mean pollution intake among all school buses used in the Southern California Air Basin that…A study was undertaken to determine whether there was a significant weight (in lb) loss after one year course of therapy for diabetes, and whether the amount of weight (in lb) loss was related to initial weight. The following table gives the initial weight (x) and weight after one year of therapy (y) for 16 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients.A research group is interested in the relationship between exposure to mold in households after a major hurricane and the onset of acute respiratory illness in children. Suppose an observational study is conducted over 10 years following the natural disaster and the following two-by-two table was created in order to address the relationship between exposure and outcome. Acute Respiratory Illness No Acute Respiratory Illness Total Mold 378 156 534 No Mold 73 260 333 Total 451 416 867 Calculate the incidence of acute respiratory illness in the exposed and unexposed. Calculate the relative risk for ARI due to exposure in this study Interpret your findings from part B
- An automotive engineer is investigating two different types of metering devices for an electronic fuel injection system to determine whether they differ in their fuel mileage performance. The system is installed on 10 different cars, and a test is run with each metering device on each car. The data is provided below: Metering Device Car 1 2 1 17.6 16.8 2 19.4 20.0 3 18.2 17.6 4 17.1 16.4 5 15.3 16.0 6 15.9 15.9 7 16.3 16.5 8 18.0 18.4 9 17.3 16.4 10 19.1 20.1 Is there a significant difference between the means of the two metering devices? Use . Interpret the result in the context of the problem. An article in the journal Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials (Vol. 6, 1989) reported the results of an analysis of the weight of calcium in standard cement and cement doped with lead. Reduced levels of calcium would indicate that the hydration mechanism in the cement is blocked…Consider a cohort study to compare the mortality rate of myocardial infarction (MI) in men with sedentary work (exposed group) to men with physically active work (unexposed). If in the exposed, there were 36,000 person (man) years of observation and 126 deaths whereas the unexposed had 24,000 man-years of observation and 44 deaths. Compute the following a) Mortality rate in each cohort? b) What is the relative risk of dying, comparing these 2 groups? c) What is the attributable risk of sedentary work? d) What is the attributable benefit of physical activity? e) If we assume that MI is associated with the mortality in this cohort (causality), what proportion of the disease in the higher group is potentially preventable?A paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately 1 2 mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers. Amount by Which Speed Limit Was Exceeded MaleDriver FemaleDriver 1.2 -0.1 1.4 0.4 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 3 0.1 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.5 (a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use μmales − μfemales.Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to…
- In the Chernobyl nuclear accident it is estimated that 30,000 people received an average dose of 45 REM. For this population, using the linear hypothesis, how many "normal" deaths from cancer are expected and how many additional deaths from the radiation of the accident? Group of answer choices 500 normal, 6000 additional 1000 normal, 4000 additional 2000 normal, 3000 additional 4000 normal, 1000 additional 6000 normal, 500 additionalA paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately 1 2 mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers. Amount by Which Speed Limit Was Exceeded MaleDriver FemaleDriver 1.3 -0.1 1.3 0.4 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 3 0.1 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.5 (a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use μmales − μfemales.Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to…In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and a half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants. a. How many factors does this study have? What are they? b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.
- A study was conducted to assess the impact of nutrient enrichment on zooplankton densities in A & B Islands. An ecologist sampled populations of zooplankton in these two locations and observed the nutrient enrichment level was higher in A island when compared with the level in B island. It is predicted the zooplankton densities in A island will be greater than those found in B island.A paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately 1 2 mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers. MaleDriver FemaleDriver 1.4 -0.2 1.2 0.5 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 3 0.1 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.5 (a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use ?males − ?females. Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to three decimal places.) t = df =…A paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately 1 2 mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers. MaleDriver FemaleDriver 1.3 -0.3 1.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 3 0.1 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.5 (a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use ?males − ?females. Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to three decimal places.) t = df =…