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- You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017Name three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Name one difference with respect to the enzyme activity of these receptors.In a cell line derived from normal rat thyroid, stimulation of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor increases both IP3 formation and release of arachidonic acid (AA). IP3 elevates cytosolic Ca, which mediates thyroxine efflux, whereas AA serves as a source of prostaglandin E2, which stimulates DNA synthesis. It is not clear how AA release is connected to the adrenergic receptor. AA could arise by cleavage from the DAG that accompanies IP3 production. Alternatively, AA could arise through an independent effect of the receptor on PLA2, which can directly release AA from intact phosphoglycerides. Consider the following experimental observations: a) Addition of noradrenaline to cell cultures stimulates production of both IP3 and AA. b) If the alpha1-adrenergic receptors are made unresponsive to noradrenaline by treatment with phorbol esters (which act through PKC to cause phosphorylation, and inactivation, of the receptor), addition of noradrenaline causes no increase in IP3 or AA. c) When…
- Why was the postsynaptic CA1 neuron voltage clamped to +30 mV? To stimulate insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane To move NDA receptors into the synapse from an extrasynaptic site To cause coordination between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron To increase conductance of the NMDAR by removing the Mg?* block To stimulate AMPA receptors, which in turn activate NMDA Rs Explain the results obtained when AP5 was applied while the neuron was held at +30 mV. What is the interpretation of the result?Release of glucose into the bloodstream from cells in the liver can be initiated by epinephrine binding to the epinephrine receptor on the plasma membrane of liver cells. This cascade requires cAMP signaling which BOTH activates protein kinase A and deactivates glycogen synthase. The dual effect of cAMP on protein kinase A and glycogen synthase is an example of what? a. ligand/ receptor signal specificity b. communication of surface signals to the nucleus c. amplification of second messenger signaling d. second messenger signaling pathway crosstalkProzac is a SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). Its actions to selectively block serotonin reuptake is an example of blocking which step of neurotransmission? Select one: a. post synaptic receptor activationcross out b. vesicular releasecross out c. neurotransmitter clearancecross out d. vesicular transportcross out e. all of these Prozac is a SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). Its actions to selectively block serotonin reuptake is an example of blocking which step of neurotransmission? Select one: a. post synaptic receptor activation b. vesicular release c. neurotransmitter clearance d. vesicular transport e. all of these
- when calcium uptake by the cell membrane. this regulation is achieved through hormone-receptor activation of phospholipase C, resulting in the formation of which of the following compounds? cAMP G protein Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate Protein Kinase A Protein Kinase C During an action potential in a mammalian motoneuron, the rapid depolarization is caused by activation or inactivation of _________ Channels?Changes in intracellular Ca2+ is one of the main governing factors that determines the direction of plasticity (i.e., whether a synapse potentiates or depresses). Provide a general mechanism to explain how changes in intracellular Ca2+ can result in either synaptic depression or synaptic potentiation (refer to our discussion on kinases and phosphatases).Which of the following would inhibit the activity of TGF-Beta receptor? multiple answers A. Deletion of Extracellular domain B. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor C. Mutation that prevents homodimerization of Type II Receptor D. Mutation of phosphorylation site on Type I receptor E. Inhibition Type II receptor binding to Type I receptor
- A ligand binds to the extracellular portion of a receptor. Another ligand binds to an identical half of the same receptor. When this happens, the two halves come together and the intracellular portion adds phosphates from ATP to tyrosine amino acids it the receptor structure. This passage describes what kind of receptor? Select one: a. A G-protein coupled receptor b. A receptor tyrosine kinase c. A receptor tyrosine phosphatase d. A ligand-gated kinase channelIn olfactory neurons, it is estimated that activation of the olfactory receptors results in an increase of roughly 200,000 molecules of cAMP per second. 1a) If an activated receptor produces one molecule of cAMP every 30 seconds, how many molecules of this receptor must be working in an activated neuron? How many G-alpha subunits are required in an activated neuron? 1b) If one receptor molecule is capable of activating 500 G-proteins, how many receptors will be activated?In the cAMP second messenger pathways, Protein kinase A is directly activated by _________. A) Group of answer choices B) cAMP C) Phosphorylation D) a G protein E) a G protein coupled receptor F) an enzyme